全新java初学者实践教程10(java SE5.0版)
|esjhf}H>v jdk5的集合类
[QbXj0en$ mPin\-I B:~;7A\ <gLtX[v!CL 上次课我们学过了数组,知道它只是一组数(或是对象),但是有些自己的特性。在[font="Times]java里还有一类东西与数组类似,也是有着特性的一组数[font="Times](或是对象[font="Times]),叫做集合类。
l;A_Aii( 我们上节课讲到了,数组的长度在创建时已经确定了,但是有时候我们事先根本不知道长度是多少啊,比如我们做电子商务网站时,有个购物车程序。你总不能用数组规定,人家只能买[font="Times]5样东西吧。你就是把长度定为[font="Times]10000也不行,万一遇上个特别有钱的呢!呵呵,这只是开玩笑的。我们会使用集合类解决这个问题。
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z>CV[ [font="Times] 集合类是放在[font="Times]java.util.*;这个包里。集合类存放的都是对象的引用,而非对象本身,为了说起来方便些,我们称集合中的对象就是指集合中对象的引用([font="Times]reference)。引用的概念大家不会忘了吧,在前边我们讲
数据类型时讲的。
'cN#rHPB6 }yw;L(3 [font="Times] 集合类型主要有[font="Times]3种:[font="Times]set(集)、[font="Times]list(列表)、[font="Times]map(映射[font="Times])和[font="Times]Queue(队列)。[font="Times]//队列为[font="Times]jdk5中的加上的[font="Times]
9/Dt:R3QU N| Pm|w*? [font="Times](1) Set
Ra5'x)m36) 集([font="Times]set)是最简单的一种集合,它的对象不按特定方式排序,只是简单的把对象加入集合中,就像往口袋里放东西。对集中成员的访问和操作是通过集中对象的引用进行的,所以集中不能有重复对象。我们知道数学上的集合也是[font="Times]Set这个,集合里面一定是没有重复的元素的。
~ fEs!hl sRQh~5kM ([font="Times]2)[font="Times]List
ok[=1gA#h 列表([font="Times]List)的主要特征是其对象以线性方式存储,没有特定顺序,只有一个开头和一个结尾,当然,它与根本没有顺序的[font="Times]Set是不同的。它是链表嘛,一条链肯定有顺序这个顺序就不一定了。
SAh054/St TEyx((SK }G+A_HF ^ [font="Times] ([font="Times]3)[font="Times]Map
5Kj4!Ai [font="Times] 映射([font="Times]Map),这个在[font="Times]java里不是地图的意思,其实地图也是映射哈。它里面的东西是键-值对([font="Times]key-value)出现的,键值对是什么呢?举个例子,比如我们查字典,用部首查字法。目录那个字就是键,这个字的解释就是值。键和值成对出现。这样说可以理解吧。这也是很常用的数据结构哦。
`uVW<z{l ;6nZ b:Kw_Q [font="Times] ([font="Times]4)[font="Times]Queue
bU ]N^og^ [font="Times] 在[font="Times]jdk5.0以前,通常的实现方式是使用[font="Times]java.util.List集合来模仿[font="Times]Queue。[font="Times]Queue的概念通过把对象添加(称为[font="Times]enqueuing的操作)到[font="Times]List的尾部(即[font="Times]Queue的后部)并通过从[font="Times]List的头部(即[font="Times]Queue的前部)提取对象而从[font="Times] List中移除(称为[font="Times]dequeuing的操作)来模拟。你需要执行先进先出的动作时可以直接使用[font="Times]Queue接口就可以了。
_|3TC1N$n [font="Times] 这[font="Times]4个东西,有时候功能还不太完善,需要有些子类继承它的特性。[font="Times]Set的子接口有[font="Times]TreeSet,SortedSet,[font="Times]List的有[font="Times]ArrayList等,[font="Times]Map里有[font="Times]HashMap,HashTable等,[font="Times]Queue里面有[font="Times]BlockingQueue等。我们来看看例子吧:
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IB{ZE/ 实践:[font="Times] Set举例
WV1 Z [font="Times] import java.util.*;
|HGb.^f? [font="Times]public class SetExample {
qLi9ym, ] [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
|7zP8 [font="Times] Set set = new HashSet(); //HashSet是[font="Times]Set的子接口
_F@p53WE [font="Times] set.add("one");
"jO3Y/>S [font="Times] set.add("second");
@O}j:b [font="Times] set.add("3rd");
sLdUrD% [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
3C=clB9< [font="Times] set.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
Ln2C#Uf [font="Times] set.add("second");
t *
vg]Yc [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
Nu/Qa:H_{ [font="Times] System.out.println(set);
|8 2tw|<o [font="Times] }}
>B /&V|E jne9=Als5 [font="Times]List举例:
IXvz&4VD [font="Times] import java.util.*;
|4.o$*0Y [font="Times]public class ListExample {
gkML .u [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
](>7h_2B [font="Times] List list = new ArrayList();
Xm:=jQn [font="Times] list.add("one");
5A$az03y$\ [font="Times] list.add("second");
; [%}Xx [font="Times] list.add("3rd");
^[}0&_L
w [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
0j!ke1C&C [font="Times] list.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
$Cd ;0gdv [font="Times] list.add("second");
nP\V1pgA [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
}&T<wm! [font="Times] System.out.println(list);
Of7) A [font="Times] }}
)^f9[5ee %}MA5 t]o ;%7XU~<a [font="Times]Map举例
QHs:=i~VH [font="Times]import java.util.Map;
}SMJD [font="Times]import java.util.HashMap;
cbCE
$ [font="Times]import java.util.Iterator;
NQ!N"C3u [font="Times]import java.io.FileReader;
E`uaE=Mdq [font="Times]
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[font="Times]public class MapExample {
G:c8`*5Q [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) throws java.io.FileNotFoundException {
8#]7`o [font="Times] Map word_count_map = new HashMap();
)xvx6?Ah| [font="Times] FileReader reader = new FileReader(args[0]);
iCnUnR{ [font="Times] Iterator words = new WordStreamIterator(reader);
TdP{{&'9 [font="Times]
3H'nRK}, [font="Times] while ( words.hasNext() ) {
%rDmW?T [font="Times] String word = (String) words.next();
'+!S|U,{ [font="Times] String word_lowercase = word.toLowerCase();
u1)TG"+0 [font="Times] Integer frequency = (Integer)word_count_map.get(word_lowercase);
W]D`f8r9 [font="Times]if ( frequency == null ) {
Stw+Dm\! [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(1);
ok3 [font="Times] } else {
a|P~LMPM [font="Times] int value = frequency.intValue();
w
<#*O: [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(value + 1);}
ECS<l*i57& [font="Times] word_count_map.put(word_lowercase, frequency);
K\KO5A [font="Times] }
N=Uc=I7C [font="Times] System.out.println(word_count_map);
d@6:|auO [font="Times] }}
a(ux?V)E. %kZ~xbY l0caP( [font="Times]Queue举例:
sh
!~T<yy [font="Times]import java.io.IOException;
NT;x1 [font="Times]import java.io.PrintStream;
O~#uQm [font="Times]import java.util.LinkedList;
~*mOt7G [font="Times]import java.util.Queue;
ci,o8 [Y [font="Times]
(Gi+7GMV' [font="Times]public class QueueTester {
g\qL}: [font="Times] public Queue q; //发现了一个奇怪的语法,这个尖括号是泛型声明
n=G>y7b [font="Times] public QueueTester() {q = new LinkedList();}
BK(pJNBh [font="Times]public void testFIFO(PrintStream out) throws IOException {
c3zT(FgO>N [font="Times] q.add("First");
/m
Q2;*| [font="Times] q.add("Second");
}+{*, z [font="Times] q.add("Third");
jA-5X?!In [font="Times] Object o;
hmBnV [font="Times] while ((o = q.poll()) != null) {
\za5:?[xB [font="Times] out.println(o);}}
?Rt1CDu [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
^A11h6I [font="Times] QueueTester tester = new QueueTester();
yZ;k@t_WRD [font="Times] try { tester.testFIFO(System.out);
`rz`3:ZH [font="Times] } catch (IOException e) {
CRc!|? [font="Times] e.printStackTrace(); } }}
xH"W}-#[ vn0cKz@ cXb
@H# 上述例子和一些相关例子(共6个例子)打包下载[font="Times]
A]Q1&qM% 总结:
mEB2RLCM 刚才我们看了上述例子了,对集合类有了一个初步的认识,它们跟数组的区别不只是长度问题,在集合类里面放进去的类型可以是任意的。不像数组,数组里面的类型是一样的。这样的话,对于集合类来说即使好事,也是坏事。因为你不考虑类型可以随意的放,但是你放进去什么就不知道了不容易找。
"#-Nqq 还有啊,什么叫泛型声明啊?我们下次课就告诉你。这可是[font="Times]jdk5的酷炫之处哦。