全新java初学者实践教程10(java SE5.0版)
U)p P^:| jdk5的集合类
?D6rFUs9; Pz"!8b-MN 3:Sv8csT r(yb%p+ 上次课我们学过了数组,知道它只是一组数(或是对象),但是有些自己的特性。在[font="Times]java里还有一类东西与数组类似,也是有着特性的一组数[font="Times](或是对象[font="Times]),叫做集合类。
2aN 我们上节课讲到了,数组的长度在创建时已经确定了,但是有时候我们事先根本不知道长度是多少啊,比如我们做电子商务网站时,有个购物车程序。你总不能用数组规定,人家只能买[font="Times]5样东西吧。你就是把长度定为[font="Times]10000也不行,万一遇上个特别有钱的呢!呵呵,这只是开玩笑的。我们会使用集合类解决这个问题。
wWflZ"% [font="Times] 集合类是放在[font="Times]java.util.*;这个包里。集合类存放的都是对象的引用,而非对象本身,为了说起来方便些,我们称集合中的对象就是指集合中对象的引用([font="Times]reference)。引用的概念大家不会忘了吧,在前边我们讲
数据类型时讲的。
O"mU#3? ASLRP [font="Times] 集合类型主要有[font="Times]3种:[font="Times]set(集)、[font="Times]list(列表)、[font="Times]map(映射[font="Times])和[font="Times]Queue(队列)。[font="Times]//队列为[font="Times]jdk5中的加上的[font="Times]
O!uB|* f:TC;K [font="Times](1) Set
3;`93TO{ 集([font="Times]set)是最简单的一种集合,它的对象不按特定方式排序,只是简单的把对象加入集合中,就像往口袋里放东西。对集中成员的访问和操作是通过集中对象的引用进行的,所以集中不能有重复对象。我们知道数学上的集合也是[font="Times]Set这个,集合里面一定是没有重复的元素的。
U<NpDjc" g5to0 ([font="Times]2)[font="Times]List
\?fl%r2 列表([font="Times]List)的主要特征是其对象以线性方式存储,没有特定顺序,只有一个开头和一个结尾,当然,它与根本没有顺序的[font="Times]Set是不同的。它是链表嘛,一条链肯定有顺序这个顺序就不一定了。
m-a_<xo ;r[=q u\ B%9[ [font="Times] ([font="Times]3)[font="Times]Map
w|PZSOJ [font="Times] 映射([font="Times]Map),这个在[font="Times]java里不是地图的意思,其实地图也是映射哈。它里面的东西是键-值对([font="Times]key-value)出现的,键值对是什么呢?举个例子,比如我们查字典,用部首查字法。目录那个字就是键,这个字的解释就是值。键和值成对出现。这样说可以理解吧。这也是很常用的数据结构哦。
qD#-q vn /BVNJNhz [:!#F7O- [font="Times] ([font="Times]4)[font="Times]Queue
,9"</\]` [font="Times] 在[font="Times]jdk5.0以前,通常的实现方式是使用[font="Times]java.util.List集合来模仿[font="Times]Queue。[font="Times]Queue的概念通过把对象添加(称为[font="Times]enqueuing的操作)到[font="Times]List的尾部(即[font="Times]Queue的后部)并通过从[font="Times]List的头部(即[font="Times]Queue的前部)提取对象而从[font="Times] List中移除(称为[font="Times]dequeuing的操作)来模拟。你需要执行先进先出的动作时可以直接使用[font="Times]Queue接口就可以了。
MnsnW{VGX [font="Times] 这[font="Times]4个东西,有时候功能还不太完善,需要有些子类继承它的特性。[font="Times]Set的子接口有[font="Times]TreeSet,SortedSet,[font="Times]List的有[font="Times]ArrayList等,[font="Times]Map里有[font="Times]HashMap,HashTable等,[font="Times]Queue里面有[font="Times]BlockingQueue等。我们来看看例子吧:
k>n^QHM =k`(!r2"# $(}kau 实践:[font="Times] Set举例
DD'<zL[ [font="Times] import java.util.*;
W.n@ [font="Times]public class SetExample {
R< xxwjt [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
^LT9t2 [font="Times] Set set = new HashSet(); //HashSet是[font="Times]Set的子接口
+.HQ+`8z] [font="Times] set.add("one");
m=fmf( [font="Times] set.add("second");
W9V%Xc`LQ [font="Times] set.add("3rd");
AJ:@c7:eS [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
2#1FI0,Pa* [font="Times] set.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
$X~=M_W [font="Times] set.add("second");
=W ! m` [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
lLtC9: [font="Times] System.out.println(set);
^O\tN\g;c [font="Times] }}
aM.l+DP foE2rV/Y [font="Times]List举例:
:ykZ7X& [font="Times] import java.util.*;
i`8!Vm [font="Times]public class ListExample {
:eQxdi' [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
3g2t{% [font="Times] List list = new ArrayList();
ZLKS4 [font="Times] list.add("one");
<WBGPzVZE [font="Times] list.add("second");
*vsOL4I% [font="Times] list.add("3rd");
B?Y%y@. [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
p|Rxy"} [font="Times] list.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
hY'"^?OP [font="Times] list.add("second");
dt3Vy*zL [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
9i|6 [font="Times] System.out.println(list);
0#*\o1r\p [font="Times] }}
on&N=TN 2#W%-- )vGRfFjw_ [font="Times]Map举例
GJy,)EO6{ [font="Times]import java.util.Map;
b<.+WkO [font="Times]import java.util.HashMap;
'Dk(jpYB [font="Times]import java.util.Iterator;
!b _<_Y{l [font="Times]import java.io.FileReader;
s[s 6E`Q [font="Times]
zLXtj- [font="Times]public class MapExample {
7P|(j<JX6' [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) throws java.io.FileNotFoundException {
u{p\8v%7 [font="Times] Map word_count_map = new HashMap();
Bdbw!zRR$ [font="Times] FileReader reader = new FileReader(args[0]);
JBUJc [font="Times] Iterator words = new WordStreamIterator(reader);
"
31C8 [font="Times]
9CBB, [font="Times] while ( words.hasNext() ) {
V(!b!i@ [font="Times] String word = (String) words.next();
_9
Gy` [font="Times] String word_lowercase = word.toLowerCase();
R#\8jv v [font="Times] Integer frequency = (Integer)word_count_map.get(word_lowercase);
n{'
[[2U [font="Times]if ( frequency == null ) {
}.b[a z\T [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(1);
H V [font="Times] } else {
\HK#d1>ox [font="Times] int value = frequency.intValue();
:f/ p5c [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(value + 1);}
^ACp_RM [font="Times] word_count_map.put(word_lowercase, frequency);
'pm2C6AC [font="Times] }
(vj2XiO^+ [font="Times] System.out.println(word_count_map);
zLh ~x [font="Times] }}
rX{|]M":T =h_4TpDQ \v-> ' [font="Times]Queue举例:
zRE7 w: [font="Times]import java.io.IOException;
Z p__ [font="Times]import java.io.PrintStream;
acGmRP9g [font="Times]import java.util.LinkedList;
wH${q@z _ [font="Times]import java.util.Queue;
m/ 6oQ [font="Times]
BxZop.zwE( [font="Times]public class QueueTester {
vCpi|a_eCu [font="Times] public Queue q; //发现了一个奇怪的语法,这个尖括号是泛型声明
.PAkW2\# [font="Times] public QueueTester() {q = new LinkedList();}
SV\x2^Ea0 [font="Times]public void testFIFO(PrintStream out) throws IOException {
s`
9zW, [font="Times] q.add("First");
*!s4#|h [font="Times] q.add("Second");
z~VA#8> [font="Times] q.add("Third");
-O_UpjR; [font="Times] Object o;
!w)Mm P Xb [font="Times] while ((o = q.poll()) != null) {
@$nI\n?* [font="Times] out.println(o);}}
Rthu8NKn [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
;D^)^~7dh [font="Times] QueueTester tester = new QueueTester();
'Ux_X:,:; [font="Times] try { tester.testFIFO(System.out);
G0(c@FBK [font="Times] } catch (IOException e) {
/d{L]*v)] [font="Times] e.printStackTrace(); } }}
+qz)KtJS 9lD,aOb l[fNftT- 上述例子和一些相关例子(共6个例子)打包下载[font="Times]
%MjPQ 总结:
2Qy!Aa 刚才我们看了上述例子了,对集合类有了一个初步的认识,它们跟数组的区别不只是长度问题,在集合类里面放进去的类型可以是任意的。不像数组,数组里面的类型是一样的。这样的话,对于集合类来说即使好事,也是坏事。因为你不考虑类型可以随意的放,但是你放进去什么就不知道了不容易找。
yZ!Eu#81 还有啊,什么叫泛型声明啊?我们下次课就告诉你。这可是[font="Times]jdk5的酷炫之处哦。