全新java初学者实践教程10(java SE5.0版)
_4#Mdnh}[ jdk5的集合类
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上次课我们学过了数组,知道它只是一组数(或是对象),但是有些自己的特性。在[font="Times]java里还有一类东西与数组类似,也是有着特性的一组数[font="Times](或是对象[font="Times]),叫做集合类。
w3n6md 我们上节课讲到了,数组的长度在创建时已经确定了,但是有时候我们事先根本不知道长度是多少啊,比如我们做电子商务网站时,有个购物车程序。你总不能用数组规定,人家只能买[font="Times]5样东西吧。你就是把长度定为[font="Times]10000也不行,万一遇上个特别有钱的呢!呵呵,这只是开玩笑的。我们会使用集合类解决这个问题。
`49: !M$i [font="Times] 集合类是放在[font="Times]java.util.*;这个包里。集合类存放的都是对象的引用,而非对象本身,为了说起来方便些,我们称集合中的对象就是指集合中对象的引用([font="Times]reference)。引用的概念大家不会忘了吧,在前边我们讲
数据类型时讲的。
}WowgY c-jE1y< [font="Times] 集合类型主要有[font="Times]3种:[font="Times]set(集)、[font="Times]list(列表)、[font="Times]map(映射[font="Times])和[font="Times]Queue(队列)。[font="Times]//队列为[font="Times]jdk5中的加上的[font="Times]
D(;jv= "/ u=6LPwiI [font="Times](1) Set
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w 集([font="Times]set)是最简单的一种集合,它的对象不按特定方式排序,只是简单的把对象加入集合中,就像往口袋里放东西。对集中成员的访问和操作是通过集中对象的引用进行的,所以集中不能有重复对象。我们知道数学上的集合也是[font="Times]Set这个,集合里面一定是没有重复的元素的。
<<FBT`Y[ {"dvU"y)\ ([font="Times]2)[font="Times]List
B*OEG*t 列表([font="Times]List)的主要特征是其对象以线性方式存储,没有特定顺序,只有一个开头和一个结尾,当然,它与根本没有顺序的[font="Times]Set是不同的。它是链表嘛,一条链肯定有顺序这个顺序就不一定了。
>='y+68 >z'T"R/ [Qw BSq8) [font="Times] ([font="Times]3)[font="Times]Map
gLDO|ADni [font="Times] 映射([font="Times]Map),这个在[font="Times]java里不是地图的意思,其实地图也是映射哈。它里面的东西是键-值对([font="Times]key-value)出现的,键值对是什么呢?举个例子,比如我们查字典,用部首查字法。目录那个字就是键,这个字的解释就是值。键和值成对出现。这样说可以理解吧。这也是很常用的数据结构哦。
]>9[}'u .4[\%r\i ngt?9i;N [font="Times] ([font="Times]4)[font="Times]Queue
'?Jz8iu- [font="Times] 在[font="Times]jdk5.0以前,通常的实现方式是使用[font="Times]java.util.List集合来模仿[font="Times]Queue。[font="Times]Queue的概念通过把对象添加(称为[font="Times]enqueuing的操作)到[font="Times]List的尾部(即[font="Times]Queue的后部)并通过从[font="Times]List的头部(即[font="Times]Queue的前部)提取对象而从[font="Times] List中移除(称为[font="Times]dequeuing的操作)来模拟。你需要执行先进先出的动作时可以直接使用[font="Times]Queue接口就可以了。
}'KHF0 [font="Times] 这[font="Times]4个东西,有时候功能还不太完善,需要有些子类继承它的特性。[font="Times]Set的子接口有[font="Times]TreeSet,SortedSet,[font="Times]List的有[font="Times]ArrayList等,[font="Times]Map里有[font="Times]HashMap,HashTable等,[font="Times]Queue里面有[font="Times]BlockingQueue等。我们来看看例子吧:
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|F}6Zv 实践:[font="Times] Set举例
o?{-K-'B$ [font="Times] import java.util.*;
[g/ &%n0^ [font="Times]public class SetExample {
1zc aI^e# [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
yI{4h $c [font="Times] Set set = new HashSet(); //HashSet是[font="Times]Set的子接口
]lqe,> [font="Times] set.add("one");
(v,g=BS, [font="Times] set.add("second");
;hgRMkmz4< [font="Times] set.add("3rd");
qo*%S [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
;hV-*;> [font="Times] set.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
,I2x&Ys&. [font="Times] set.add("second");
"d; T1 [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
_x` oab0@ [font="Times] System.out.println(set);
8{-
*Q(=/ [font="Times] }}
<WiyM[ep D7lRZb [font="Times]List举例:
TWeup6k [font="Times] import java.util.*;
H5eGl|Z5]^ [font="Times]public class ListExample {
O>@ChQF [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
O`^dy7>{U [font="Times] List list = new ArrayList();
vNDf1B5z [font="Times] list.add("one");
D_Zt:tzO [font="Times] list.add("second");
Yn_v'Os2 [font="Times] list.add("3rd");
jtv<{7a [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
X:>,3[hx| [font="Times] list.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
OTj
J' [font="Times] list.add("second");
l9Av@| [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
[*K.9}+G_ [font="Times] System.out.println(list);
4T>d%Tt+) [font="Times] }}
hnnVp_<] Jm`{MzqL $xqX[ocor [font="Times]Map举例
Aa`R40 yl [font="Times]import java.util.Map;
M:*)l( [font="Times]import java.util.HashMap;
u.@B-Pf[Eo [font="Times]import java.util.Iterator;
x+bC\,q [font="Times]import java.io.FileReader;
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[font="Times]
w }=LC#le [font="Times]public class MapExample {
pf`vH`r [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) throws java.io.FileNotFoundException {
XS(Q)\" [font="Times] Map word_count_map = new HashMap();
.)c+gyaQ [font="Times] FileReader reader = new FileReader(args[0]);
M^&^g [font="Times] Iterator words = new WordStreamIterator(reader);
2{xf{)hO? [font="Times]
sh/4ui{ [font="Times] while ( words.hasNext() ) {
!BjJ5m [font="Times] String word = (String) words.next();
B'-n
^'; [font="Times] String word_lowercase = word.toLowerCase();
8\S$iGd [font="Times] Integer frequency = (Integer)word_count_map.get(word_lowercase);
8dLK5"_3 [font="Times]if ( frequency == null ) {
&a'mh [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(1);
j"
5 +"j [font="Times] } else {
0TqIRUz "C [font="Times] int value = frequency.intValue();
2dCD.9s9~ [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(value + 1);}
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&K [font="Times] word_count_map.put(word_lowercase, frequency);
Gm[XnUR7V [font="Times] }
C/!7E: [font="Times] System.out.println(word_count_map);
'j\~> a3\ [font="Times] }}
bo-lT-I aeE~[m i<M
F8$ [font="Times]Queue举例:
YJF|J2u [font="Times]import java.io.IOException;
/^9=2~b [font="Times]import java.io.PrintStream;
SQ057V>'= [font="Times]import java.util.LinkedList;
5
)z'= [font="Times]import java.util.Queue;
6SF29[& [font="Times]
XC!Y {lp [font="Times]public class QueueTester {
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+H [font="Times] public Queue q; //发现了一个奇怪的语法,这个尖括号是泛型声明
T2_b5j3i [font="Times] public QueueTester() {q = new LinkedList();}
E/hO0Ox6 [font="Times]public void testFIFO(PrintStream out) throws IOException {
Y^QG\6q [font="Times] q.add("First");
48)D%867.; [font="Times] q.add("Second");
gLwrYG7@ [font="Times] q.add("Third");
.1:B\R(( [font="Times] Object o;
ig ^x%!; [font="Times] while ((o = q.poll()) != null) {
! JauMR [font="Times] out.println(o);}}
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/,:1 [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
hO2W!68 [font="Times] QueueTester tester = new QueueTester();
BU O8Z] [font="Times] try { tester.testFIFO(System.out);
"..I$R [font="Times] } catch (IOException e) {
TR9dpt+T [font="Times] e.printStackTrace(); } }}
!>:]k?$b g*;zVi s]pNT1, 上述例子和一些相关例子(共6个例子)打包下载[font="Times]
%-L
T56T 总结:
d^Rea8 刚才我们看了上述例子了,对集合类有了一个初步的认识,它们跟数组的区别不只是长度问题,在集合类里面放进去的类型可以是任意的。不像数组,数组里面的类型是一样的。这样的话,对于集合类来说即使好事,也是坏事。因为你不考虑类型可以随意的放,但是你放进去什么就不知道了不容易找。
m[nrr6 G" 还有啊,什么叫泛型声明啊?我们下次课就告诉你。这可是[font="Times]jdk5的酷炫之处哦。