全新java初学者实践教程10(java SE5.0版)
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< jdk5的集合类
}r`m(z$z &sJZSrk| M7rVH\:[- ]<\FtH 上次课我们学过了数组,知道它只是一组数(或是对象),但是有些自己的特性。在[font="Times]java里还有一类东西与数组类似,也是有着特性的一组数[font="Times](或是对象[font="Times]),叫做集合类。
(h;4irfX 我们上节课讲到了,数组的长度在创建时已经确定了,但是有时候我们事先根本不知道长度是多少啊,比如我们做电子商务网站时,有个购物车程序。你总不能用数组规定,人家只能买[font="Times]5样东西吧。你就是把长度定为[font="Times]10000也不行,万一遇上个特别有钱的呢!呵呵,这只是开玩笑的。我们会使用集合类解决这个问题。
/$v0Rq9 [font="Times] 集合类是放在[font="Times]java.util.*;这个包里。集合类存放的都是对象的引用,而非对象本身,为了说起来方便些,我们称集合中的对象就是指集合中对象的引用([font="Times]reference)。引用的概念大家不会忘了吧,在前边我们讲
数据类型时讲的。
Ik_u34U $ K>.|\ [font="Times] 集合类型主要有[font="Times]3种:[font="Times]set(集)、[font="Times]list(列表)、[font="Times]map(映射[font="Times])和[font="Times]Queue(队列)。[font="Times]//队列为[font="Times]jdk5中的加上的[font="Times]
rOC2 S(m OmO/x [font="Times](1) Set
9Yg=4>#$ 集([font="Times]set)是最简单的一种集合,它的对象不按特定方式排序,只是简单的把对象加入集合中,就像往口袋里放东西。对集中成员的访问和操作是通过集中对象的引用进行的,所以集中不能有重复对象。我们知道数学上的集合也是[font="Times]Set这个,集合里面一定是没有重复的元素的。
3=(Gb Si[:l ([font="Times]2)[font="Times]List
FF]xwptrx 列表([font="Times]List)的主要特征是其对象以线性方式存储,没有特定顺序,只有一个开头和一个结尾,当然,它与根本没有顺序的[font="Times]Set是不同的。它是链表嘛,一条链肯定有顺序这个顺序就不一定了。
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# 5v:c@n [font="Times] ([font="Times]3)[font="Times]Map
l*;Isz: [font="Times] 映射([font="Times]Map),这个在[font="Times]java里不是地图的意思,其实地图也是映射哈。它里面的东西是键-值对([font="Times]key-value)出现的,键值对是什么呢?举个例子,比如我们查字典,用部首查字法。目录那个字就是键,这个字的解释就是值。键和值成对出现。这样说可以理解吧。这也是很常用的数据结构哦。
~3YN;St- :sD/IM",}, hiKgV|ZD [font="Times] ([font="Times]4)[font="Times]Queue
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Aj [font="Times] 在[font="Times]jdk5.0以前,通常的实现方式是使用[font="Times]java.util.List集合来模仿[font="Times]Queue。[font="Times]Queue的概念通过把对象添加(称为[font="Times]enqueuing的操作)到[font="Times]List的尾部(即[font="Times]Queue的后部)并通过从[font="Times]List的头部(即[font="Times]Queue的前部)提取对象而从[font="Times] List中移除(称为[font="Times]dequeuing的操作)来模拟。你需要执行先进先出的动作时可以直接使用[font="Times]Queue接口就可以了。
RtZK2 [font="Times] 这[font="Times]4个东西,有时候功能还不太完善,需要有些子类继承它的特性。[font="Times]Set的子接口有[font="Times]TreeSet,SortedSet,[font="Times]List的有[font="Times]ArrayList等,[font="Times]Map里有[font="Times]HashMap,HashTable等,[font="Times]Queue里面有[font="Times]BlockingQueue等。我们来看看例子吧:
uZ}=x3B 5c*kgj:x 8Io--Ew3 实践:[font="Times] Set举例
WVPnyVDc [font="Times] import java.util.*;
uh`W} n [font="Times]public class SetExample {
cfn\De%. [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
X.)caF^j [font="Times] Set set = new HashSet(); //HashSet是[font="Times]Set的子接口
fh rS7f'Zd [font="Times] set.add("one");
|q&&"SpA [font="Times] set.add("second");
{%WQQs [font="Times] set.add("3rd");
y8/
7@qw [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
!F3Y7R [font="Times] set.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
tz0_S7h [font="Times] set.add("second");
q.]>uBAQ? [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
y^"[^+F3 . [font="Times] System.out.println(set);
1t" [font="Times] }}
<[9{Lg*D &6*X&]V!Z [font="Times]List举例:
M~ =Bln5 [font="Times] import java.util.*;
pa1.+ ~) [font="Times]public class ListExample {
*$uj)*5, [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
+k=BD s [font="Times] List list = new ArrayList();
rVU::C+- [font="Times] list.add("one");
wBr$3: [font="Times] list.add("second");
iC]=S} [font="Times] list.add("3rd");
FGzMbi<l#( [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
+S!gS|8P [font="Times] list.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
SF?Ublc! [font="Times] list.add("second");
[UqJ3@> [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
L`v7|! X [font="Times] System.out.println(list);
*aKT&5Ch- [font="Times] }}
g]B!
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BU,"Yy& b(<#n6a}\ [font="Times]Map举例
q}vz]L&o [font="Times]import java.util.Map;
[~cb&6|M [font="Times]import java.util.HashMap;
3N8RZt1.b [font="Times]import java.util.Iterator;
&_mOw. [font="Times]import java.io.FileReader;
sdkKvo.y0 [font="Times]
!)1r{u [font="Times]public class MapExample {
eJWcrVpn [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) throws java.io.FileNotFoundException {
q'r(#,B<3 [font="Times] Map word_count_map = new HashMap();
l;TWs_N [font="Times] FileReader reader = new FileReader(args[0]);
MXy~kb& [font="Times] Iterator words = new WordStreamIterator(reader);
Gj Ds,9@f [font="Times]
sC
,[CN:b [font="Times] while ( words.hasNext() ) {
=7&2-'(@ [font="Times] String word = (String) words.next();
w}*2Hz&Q! [font="Times] String word_lowercase = word.toLowerCase();
j6zZ! k [font="Times] Integer frequency = (Integer)word_count_map.get(word_lowercase);
1:2t4} [font="Times]if ( frequency == null ) {
"AH1)skB: [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(1);
|etA2"r& [font="Times] } else {
i9KQpWG: [font="Times] int value = frequency.intValue();
6I,^4U [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(value + 1);}
19.+"H [font="Times] word_count_map.put(word_lowercase, frequency);
N_AAh D [font="Times] }
(of=hzT^? [font="Times] System.out.println(word_count_map);
rGPFPsMQ] [font="Times] }}
C'4gve 7! 83rtQ;L "P4#Q_ [font="Times]Queue举例:
+&t`"lRl& [font="Times]import java.io.IOException;
u} y)'eH [font="Times]import java.io.PrintStream;
"u#T0 [font="Times]import java.util.LinkedList;
|8xu*dVAp4 [font="Times]import java.util.Queue;
~`7L\'fs [font="Times]
FT0HU<." 1 [font="Times]public class QueueTester {
mIJYe&t7) [font="Times] public Queue q; //发现了一个奇怪的语法,这个尖括号是泛型声明
I)@b#V= [font="Times] public QueueTester() {q = new LinkedList();}
x.d;7 [font="Times]public void testFIFO(PrintStream out) throws IOException {
|UA)s3Uhxb [font="Times] q.add("First");
:aYbP,mE [font="Times] q.add("Second");
1: cD\ [font="Times] q.add("Third");
Ns^[Hb[b' [font="Times] Object o;
/,G -1E [font="Times] while ((o = q.poll()) != null) {
wWaO"N] [font="Times] out.println(o);}}
(_2;}eg [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
)_$F/ug [font="Times] QueueTester tester = new QueueTester();
)`u)#@x [font="Times] try { tester.testFIFO(System.out);
u 3&9R)J1 [font="Times] } catch (IOException e) {
0FL PZaRP [font="Times] e.printStackTrace(); } }}
l Je=z .W>LsEk Aw]W- fx 上述例子和一些相关例子(共6个例子)打包下载[font="Times]
r!DUsE 总结:
VK7lm|J+ 刚才我们看了上述例子了,对集合类有了一个初步的认识,它们跟数组的区别不只是长度问题,在集合类里面放进去的类型可以是任意的。不像数组,数组里面的类型是一样的。这样的话,对于集合类来说即使好事,也是坏事。因为你不考虑类型可以随意的放,但是你放进去什么就不知道了不容易找。
gEFs4;
CN 还有啊,什么叫泛型声明啊?我们下次课就告诉你。这可是[font="Times]jdk5的酷炫之处哦。