全新java初学者实践教程10(java SE5.0版)
sI/]pgt2 jdk5的集合类
~o<+tL >}uDQwX8 u{asKUce\ JU6PBY~C' 上次课我们学过了数组,知道它只是一组数(或是对象),但是有些自己的特性。在[font="Times]java里还有一类东西与数组类似,也是有着特性的一组数[font="Times](或是对象[font="Times]),叫做集合类。
I[x+7Y0k9 我们上节课讲到了,数组的长度在创建时已经确定了,但是有时候我们事先根本不知道长度是多少啊,比如我们做电子商务网站时,有个购物车程序。你总不能用数组规定,人家只能买[font="Times]5样东西吧。你就是把长度定为[font="Times]10000也不行,万一遇上个特别有钱的呢!呵呵,这只是开玩笑的。我们会使用集合类解决这个问题。
f;PPB@ :`$ [font="Times] 集合类是放在[font="Times]java.util.*;这个包里。集合类存放的都是对象的引用,而非对象本身,为了说起来方便些,我们称集合中的对象就是指集合中对象的引用([font="Times]reference)。引用的概念大家不会忘了吧,在前边我们讲
数据类型时讲的。
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eT [font="Times] 集合类型主要有[font="Times]3种:[font="Times]set(集)、[font="Times]list(列表)、[font="Times]map(映射[font="Times])和[font="Times]Queue(队列)。[font="Times]//队列为[font="Times]jdk5中的加上的[font="Times]
6'F4p1VG*I (Yv )%2 [font="Times](1) Set
ytmFe ! 集([font="Times]set)是最简单的一种集合,它的对象不按特定方式排序,只是简单的把对象加入集合中,就像往口袋里放东西。对集中成员的访问和操作是通过集中对象的引用进行的,所以集中不能有重复对象。我们知道数学上的集合也是[font="Times]Set这个,集合里面一定是没有重复的元素的。
EMTAl;P A89n^@ ([font="Times]2)[font="Times]List
2!w5eWl, 列表([font="Times]List)的主要特征是其对象以线性方式存储,没有特定顺序,只有一个开头和一个结尾,当然,它与根本没有顺序的[font="Times]Set是不同的。它是链表嘛,一条链肯定有顺序这个顺序就不一定了。
sy\w ^] nEG+TRZ)\ J2KULXF [font="Times] ([font="Times]3)[font="Times]Map
,GU|3 [font="Times] 映射([font="Times]Map),这个在[font="Times]java里不是地图的意思,其实地图也是映射哈。它里面的东西是键-值对([font="Times]key-value)出现的,键值对是什么呢?举个例子,比如我们查字典,用部首查字法。目录那个字就是键,这个字的解释就是值。键和值成对出现。这样说可以理解吧。这也是很常用的数据结构哦。
Q.b<YRZ 3iKy> TJ5g?#Wul [font="Times] ([font="Times]4)[font="Times]Queue
I7S#vIMXR. [font="Times] 在[font="Times]jdk5.0以前,通常的实现方式是使用[font="Times]java.util.List集合来模仿[font="Times]Queue。[font="Times]Queue的概念通过把对象添加(称为[font="Times]enqueuing的操作)到[font="Times]List的尾部(即[font="Times]Queue的后部)并通过从[font="Times]List的头部(即[font="Times]Queue的前部)提取对象而从[font="Times] List中移除(称为[font="Times]dequeuing的操作)来模拟。你需要执行先进先出的动作时可以直接使用[font="Times]Queue接口就可以了。
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[font="Times] 这[font="Times]4个东西,有时候功能还不太完善,需要有些子类继承它的特性。[font="Times]Set的子接口有[font="Times]TreeSet,SortedSet,[font="Times]List的有[font="Times]ArrayList等,[font="Times]Map里有[font="Times]HashMap,HashTable等,[font="Times]Queue里面有[font="Times]BlockingQueue等。我们来看看例子吧:
#GlQwk3 c; MF rw|;?a0 实践:[font="Times] Set举例
YF4?3K0F:k [font="Times] import java.util.*;
|e%o [font="Times]public class SetExample {
`Z'h[-2` [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
+H4H$H [font="Times] Set set = new HashSet(); //HashSet是[font="Times]Set的子接口
2omKP,9,2 [font="Times] set.add("one");
17.. [font="Times] set.add("second");
Y30T>5 [font="Times] set.add("3rd");
T,
z80m} [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
3=
q,k<=L [font="Times] set.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
`w;8xD( [font="Times] set.add("second");
Q ,`R-?v [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
P<OSm*;U: [font="Times] System.out.println(set);
h{5K9$9= [font="Times] }}
Uc[@] } vzNh_ [font="Times]List举例:
{!/ha$(
[font="Times] import java.util.*;
nF)XZB0F [font="Times]public class ListExample {
c97?+Y^ [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
'LyEdlC] [font="Times] List list = new ArrayList();
sx]kH$ [font="Times] list.add("one");
KT9!R [font="Times] list.add("second");
W74Y.zQ [font="Times] list.add("3rd");
H?a1XEY/ [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
`Vf k.OP [font="Times] list.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
en?J#fz [font="Times] list.add("second");
Z+%w|Sx [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
|GLh|hr [font="Times] System.out.println(list);
b<]Ae!I' [font="Times] }}
]E:K8E
y+"6Y14 2x<A7l)6 [font="Times]Map举例
knS(\51A [font="Times]import java.util.Map;
gAPD
y/wM [font="Times]import java.util.HashMap;
~M!9E]) [font="Times]import java.util.Iterator;
+!F+mV9 [font="Times]import java.io.FileReader;
~TvKMW6/# [font="Times]
b rpsZU [font="Times]public class MapExample {
MKPw;@- [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) throws java.io.FileNotFoundException {
5X1z^( [font="Times] Map word_count_map = new HashMap();
ulAOQGZ [font="Times] FileReader reader = new FileReader(args[0]);
=U- w!uW [font="Times] Iterator words = new WordStreamIterator(reader);
0LW|5BVbIO [font="Times]
[WXa]d5Y [font="Times] while ( words.hasNext() ) {
k7cM.<s! [font="Times] String word = (String) words.next();
1I#]OY#> [font="Times] String word_lowercase = word.toLowerCase();
t)__J\xF [font="Times] Integer frequency = (Integer)word_count_map.get(word_lowercase);
}9FAM@x1K& [font="Times]if ( frequency == null ) {
0hB9D{`,{ [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(1);
u6lcl}' [font="Times] } else {
2vLV1v$,q [font="Times] int value = frequency.intValue();
Gtm|aR{OS [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(value + 1);}
m~;}8ObQE [font="Times] word_count_map.put(word_lowercase, frequency);
_t7}ny[ [font="Times] }
H~ `JAplr [font="Times] System.out.println(word_count_map);
v\}s(X(J [font="Times] }}
3X>x` @GyxOc@6 Wq"5-U;:w [font="Times]Queue举例:
_+*+,Vx [font="Times]import java.io.IOException;
=g3o@WD/G [font="Times]import java.io.PrintStream;
=Y]'wb [font="Times]import java.util.LinkedList;
Iss)7I [font="Times]import java.util.Queue;
e{6I-5`|,# [font="Times]
9,J^tN@^ [font="Times]public class QueueTester {
+aoenUm5 [font="Times] public Queue q; //发现了一个奇怪的语法,这个尖括号是泛型声明
qdQQt5Y'm [font="Times] public QueueTester() {q = new LinkedList();}
3I.0jA#T&/ [font="Times]public void testFIFO(PrintStream out) throws IOException {
Ucqn3& [font="Times] q.add("First");
ODFCA.
t [font="Times] q.add("Second");
cME|Lg(J$ [font="Times] q.add("Third");
/73ANQ" [font="Times] Object o;
F[5sFkM7 [font="Times] while ((o = q.poll()) != null) {
$Le|4Hj [font="Times] out.println(o);}}
/!A?>#O&. [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
ZFFKv [font="Times] QueueTester tester = new QueueTester();
ggL^*MV [font="Times] try { tester.testFIFO(System.out);
+zL|j/q ? [font="Times] } catch (IOException e) {
/3KPK4!m [font="Times] e.printStackTrace(); } }}
;_iDiLC; ;^f ;< Usl963A#'F 上述例子和一些相关例子(共6个例子)打包下载[font="Times]
kdW$>Jqb 总结:
$VNj0i. Pr 刚才我们看了上述例子了,对集合类有了一个初步的认识,它们跟数组的区别不只是长度问题,在集合类里面放进去的类型可以是任意的。不像数组,数组里面的类型是一样的。这样的话,对于集合类来说即使好事,也是坏事。因为你不考虑类型可以随意的放,但是你放进去什么就不知道了不容易找。
`P
* wz< 还有啊,什么叫泛型声明啊?我们下次课就告诉你。这可是[font="Times]jdk5的酷炫之处哦。