SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 TJP;!uX
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一、基础 p3fVw]N
1、说明:创建数据库 >]}VD "\
CREATE DATABASE database-name 3=]/+{B
2、说明:删除数据库 TPb&";4ROf
drop database dbname a?Om;-i2`S
3、说明:备份sql server JK)|a@BtOT
--- 创建 备份数据的 device W{IP}mM
USE master NHZMH!=4:n
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' crd|r."
--- 开始 备份 yYOV:3!"
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack rREev
4、说明:创建新表 ~(m6dPm$}m
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) 3>(~5
根据已有的表创建新表: WL%T nux
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) F-Z>WC{+
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only Q9y|1Wg1W
5、说明:删除新表 iP7KM*ks
drop table tabname e7G>'K
6、说明:增加一个列 /_fZ2$/
Alter table tabname add column col type Ypm*or
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 b<fN,U<k
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) Ct/6<
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) a
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8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) 'PMzm/;8st
删除索引:drop index idxname p"\-iY]
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 JKmd'ZGw
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement dFeGibI{
删除视图:drop view viewname =uwG.,lC
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 O'SxTwO
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 ?{Xp'D\z
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) s5 Fn("h]n
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 yPbOiA*lHz
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 o\j<EQb.
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! *=z.H
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排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] |q o3
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总数:select count as totalcount from table1 j@JY-^~K5
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 -eSI"To L<
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 7.5\LTM>9e
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 Zf u" 8fX
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 W6B o\UK
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 f2|On6/
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A: UNION 运算符 AMgvk`<f
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 ;c~DBJg'|
B: EXCEPT 运算符 }=3W(1cu-
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 p|Fhh\,*`X
C: INTERSECT 运算符 G`!;RX
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 uuhvd h=
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 8DrKq]&
12、说明:使用外连接 (aCl*vV1
A、left outer join: Hi{!<e2
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 hG'2(Y!
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c Z.LF5ur
B:right outer join: CQY/q@7
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 a-TsD}'X
C:full outer join: Y@'1}=`J
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 "ZVBn!
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二、提升 D+_PyK~jc
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) 1/qiE{NW
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 [laX~(ND{
法二:select top 0 * into b from a .yj=*N.
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) ;lWy?53=@
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; [dL?N
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) -p!KsU
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 nBiA=+'v
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. s.dn~|a
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) ]i]sgg[
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) ?t.?f`(|
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 Hp> J,m(*
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b cl7+DAE
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) zck |jhJ6
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c f<'&_*7,|t
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) N<Q}4%^c
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; e]X9"sd0=
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 &(^>}&XS.<
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 "Lpt@g[HF
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 vDOeBw=
9、说明:in 的使用方法 IO_H%/v"jC
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') 7erao-
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 <ct {D|mm
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) U14dQ=~b/
11、说明:四表联查问题: $l[*Y
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... 1@qb.9wZ6
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 +Vf|YLbhJ
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 S(-=I!.G{
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 E 0pF; P5
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 =yNHJHRA#
14、说明:前10条记录 #XY]@V\
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 cwC,VYVl
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) J2[QHr&tn
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) /s*>V@Q
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 \T]"pE+8l
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) G7/LY TT)
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 +`Bn]e8O
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() n_ez6{
18、说明:随机选择记录 >%3c 1
select newid() :3n.nKANr
19、说明:删除重复记录 ng<`2XgU
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) tw3d>H`
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 }EIwkz8
select name from sysobjects where type='U' )LhO}zQ
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 $-AvH(@
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') >`\*{]
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 OB^2NL~Q~
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type =,]J"n8|v
显示结果: h5l
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type vender pcs Gf]s?J^a
电脑 A 1 Pd;ClMa%
电脑 A 1 |f}NO~CA
光盘 B 2 &lS0"`J=
光盘 A 2 RK3/!C`
手机 B 3 X5/{Mx`8Oz
手机 C 3 `U1%d7[vY
23、说明:初始化表table1 |8`;55G
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 TgB;R5
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 PrKlwhi#
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc QF;<%QF:
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三、技巧 xA5$!Oq7
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 hCvn(f
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, yK7>^p}V
如: _TXV{<E6
if @strWhere !='' omA*XXUx=8
begin Y#Vy:x[
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere k51s*U6=
end O({_x@
else enz Q}^
begin eztk$o
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' B;~agr
end !Cy2>6v7
我们可以直接写成 *pD;AU
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere VfcQibm
2、收缩数据库 lmcDA,7
--重建索引 ck~xj0
DBCC REINDEX c-=0l)&'D=
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG bX(*f>G'
--收缩数据和日志 wqOhJYc
DBCC SHRINKDB ,;-*q}U
DBCC SHRINKFILE wf@2&vJ
3、压缩数据库 Qd4T?5 vG
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) !m|%4/
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4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 [;f"',)y,
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' e`Yns$x
go 8)!;[G|
5、检查备份集 KRZV9AJ
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' U.F65KaKF
6、修复数据库 PK4UdT
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER 6;pREM+
GO v+sbRuo8
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK T!a[@,)_
GO RGLA}|
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER `x VA]GR4c
GO Wd5t,8*8
7、日志清除 UIj/Id
SET NOCOUNT ON dZgfls
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, 6 {Z\cwP)c
@MaxMinutes INT, x+e
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@NewSize INT yMkd|1
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 s-V$N
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 ,AM-cwwT:u
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. eFI4(Y
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) P.B'Gh#^
-- Setup / initialize ]c2| m}I{:
DECLARE @OriginalSize int 1F,_L}=o1s
SELECT @OriginalSize = size y21uvp'
FROM sysfiles &zcjU+n
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName Sh6Cw4 R
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + ACYn87tq
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + ;alFK*K6
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' FO=1P7
FROM sysfiles m_ m@>}ud
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName ;/T-rVND
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans ,-Nk-g
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) rtx]dc1m
DECLARE @Counter INT, 6w;|-/:`
@StartTime DATETIME, #Vigu,zY
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) hFfaaB
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), KgWT&^t
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' p ri{vveN@
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) =3C)sz}
EXEC (@TruncLog) V^+:U>$w
-- Wrap the log if necessary. 'e64%t
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired oLMi vy4
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) CWQ2iu<_0
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
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BEGIN -- Outer loop. I7^X;Q
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SELECT @Counter = 0 k&s7-yY
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) +yH~G9u(
BEGIN -- update vqi$}=%n?W
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') X2YOD2<v
DELETE DummyTrans )"uG*}\?b
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 am+mXb
END ha! "BR
EXEC (@TruncLog) 9/(c cj
END a3O_#l-Z
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + u/'sdt
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + _ng= 5
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' ](:FW '-
FROM sysfiles c| ( ?
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName =>\-ma+
DROP TABLE DummyTrans /+`<X%^U
SET NOCOUNT OFF {taVAcb
8、说明:更改某个表 :$c:3~
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' h)^A3;2F
9、存储更改全部表 DF|s,J`98
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch zN)\2
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), E2H<{Q
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) WcO,4:
AS _j\=FJz[
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) ;;hyjFGq%
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) ]NV ]@*`tO
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) t`ceVS
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR "ak9LZQ9z
select 'Name' = name, '#PqI)P
'Owner' = user_name(uid) &Z!K]OSY
from sysobjects CN~NyJL H
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner yUmsE-W
order by name ]~S+nlyd<
OPEN curObject tlLn
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner >04>rn#},,
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
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BEGIN D#Yx,`Ui
if @Owner=@OldOwner Ij}F<ZgZG
begin (e3Gs+;
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) TT ZxkK
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner ;GFB@I@
end )(Mr f{
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner x>,F*3d3
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner 66@3$P%1p
END s7nX\:Bw:
close curObject 9me}&Fdr
deallocate curObject Oqpl2Y"/
GO -jtC>_/
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 14n="-9
declare @i int t_>bTcsU
set @i=1 dEd ]U49u
while @i<30 ~@uY?jr
begin TF0-?vBWh
insert into test (userid) values(@i) hdr}!wV
set @i=@i+1 ,mjfZ*N
end
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小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 Z\=04[
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) j H.Ju|nO
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) hQ}7Z&O
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) c\)&yGE
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) Xvj=*wg\Y
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) 2iPmCG
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) yOUX E>-
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 (ND5CKCR^
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) S`@6c$y k
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) Ur([L&
就是表示本周时间段. *M&VqG4P9w
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: 3_\{[_W
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 2@3.xG
而在存储过程中 }x?H ~QQT
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) 1KYbL8c
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 8S1P&+iKs