SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 96i#
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一、基础 </D )i
1、说明:创建数据库 6UM1>xq9A
CREATE DATABASE database-name /i(R~7;?
2、说明:删除数据库 ##nC@h@
drop database dbname yaYJmhG
3、说明:备份sql server xc,Wm/[
--- 创建 备份数据的 device J$i.^|hE/
USE master GezMqt;2
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' ^/~C\
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--- 开始 备份 R)6"P?h._4
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack ]E^)d|_
4、说明:创建新表 5A+r^xN
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) d fSj= 4
根据已有的表创建新表: 1u~a*lO}
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) 5em*9Ko
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only a?@lX>Z
5、说明:删除新表 }z5u^_-m
drop table tabname ~W-5-Nl{s
6、说明:增加一个列 5
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Alter table tabname add column col type %Ot*k%F
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 }J $\<ZT
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) BT"n;L?[
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) wY3|5kbDj
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) eu'S~c-l
删除索引:drop index idxname h}Lrp r2r
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 GK1oS
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement 395`Wkv
删除视图:drop view viewname Q096M 0m
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 y7x*:xR[
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 )j. .)o
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) \|CuTb;0
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 h)Ol1[y`
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 zBc |gx
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! !o\e/HGc!
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] W0<2*7s
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 vURgR
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 Xn02p,,
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 pO)5NbU
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 8khIy-9-'
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 -PTfsQk
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 5,?^SK|'x
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A: UNION 运算符 TQth"Cv2:
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 cp6I]#X
B: EXCEPT 运算符 \-8aTF
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 O=oIkvg
C: INTERSECT 运算符 j<)`|?@e(
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 sfk;c#K
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 mDO! o
12、说明:使用外连接 ZE9.r`
A、left outer join: "O~kIT?/v
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 -t: U4r(
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c "[0.a\ d<
B:right outer join: C8D`:k
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 SGu`vN]
C:full outer join: Z>pZ|
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 Ey%KbvNv
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二、提升 y-{?0mLq
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) e xkPu-[W
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 CZf38$6 X
法二:select top 0 * into b from a Z1.v%"/(
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) }
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insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; \\;y W~
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) [_:
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insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 f{2I2kJr
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. e'->S g
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) je%D&ci$
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) -b|"%e<'
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 R2JPLvs
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b J$lfI^^
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) %M:$ML6b<
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c w F3 MzN=%
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) +.Xi7x+#O
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; d.HcO^
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 ';v1AX}5q
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 OY2u,LF9H
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 ]^,! ;do
9、说明:in 的使用方法 "C?H:8W
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') @9R78Zra
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 )S;3WnQ)
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) txE+A/>i9
11、说明:四表联查问题: :(@P
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select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... zO@>)@~
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 Jt0U`_
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 o#=C[d5BV
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 g>l+oH[Tv|
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 P#D|CP/Cu
14、说明:前10条记录 v7\rW{~Jd&
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 wD4[UU?
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) 2$v8{Y&
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
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16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 0T^0)c
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) )?pnV":2Y
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 UmY{2 nzY
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() Ks<+@.DLTu
18、说明:随机选择记录 zQ#*O'-n
select newid() I?^(j;QpS
19、说明:删除重复记录 .h\Py[h<^
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) |>Fz:b d
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 V7.g,
select name from sysobjects where type='U' u:mndTpB6x
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 M93*"jA
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') G4&?O_\;
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 (4Nj3x
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select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type {e q378d
显示结果: 9M5W4&
type vender pcs R_\o`v5
电脑 A 1 H \'1.8g/
电脑 A 1 ZCViZWo
光盘 B 2 64]8ykRD-
光盘 A 2 @BG].UJo
手机 B 3 `WnsM;1Y"
手机 C 3 dFA1nn6{
23、说明:初始化表table1 sN2m?`?"G
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 [ D.%v~j
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 C!ch
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select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc }r@yBUW
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三、技巧 QZIzddwp
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 #<Lv&-U<KT
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, -/V(Z+dj
如: E
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if @strWhere !='' e<*qaUI
begin F-oe49p5e
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere ?5/7
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end iJZNSRQJ}r
else EW1,&H
begin GdY@$&z{i
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' v/=\(
end /|<SD.:
我们可以直接写成 V)l:fUm2
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere
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2、收缩数据库 6q>}M
--重建索引 &9|L Z9K
DBCC REINDEX S[zGA<}
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG XH@(V4J(.
--收缩数据和日志 L#uU.U=
DBCC SHRINKDB kkWv#,qwU
DBCC SHRINKFILE G]N3OIw&8
3、压缩数据库 &1R#!|h1W
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) &pjj
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 H7z)OaM
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' @d^Z^H*Yv
go J7^UQ
5、检查备份集 $;'M8L
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' Z) 2d4:uv
6、修复数据库 ~LZrhwVj$
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER %y|pVN!U
GO =B5{ 7g\
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK 7 4MxU
GO GqR|hg
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER '4<o&b^yQ
GO Z"%.
7、日志清除 Tjq1[Wq
SET NOCOUNT ON nc\`y,>l8
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, q?dd5JzZy,
@MaxMinutes INT, 0<a|=kZ
@NewSize INT 2l+L96
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 d}':7Np
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 nq8XVT.m^\
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. ()bQmNqmO=
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) u~ipB*Zf
-- Setup / initialize [DH4iG5
DECLARE @OriginalSize int $
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SELECT @OriginalSize = size Pd\4hy
FROM sysfiles NsP=l]
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName <kPNe>-f
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + PJ0~ymE1~G
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + ]% HxzJ
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' FHw%ynC
FROM sysfiles 4\u`MR
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName yn_f%^!G
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans ,?er AI
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) -grmmE]/
DECLARE @Counter INT, Qn.dL@W
@StartTime DATETIME, &1yJrj9y
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) ^4+NPk
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), kN
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@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' 6QCVi
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) 1W{ oj
EXEC (@TruncLog) J8p; 1-C"
-- Wrap the log if necessary. 5WJ ~%"O
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired ndzADVP
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) a1y<Y`SC9
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
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BEGIN -- Outer loop. 3qf#NJN}
SELECT @Counter = 0 xc 1d[dCdp
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) _<#92v!F
BEGIN -- update 3*~`z9-z
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') BVNJas
DELETE DummyTrans v_EgY2l(
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 IDT\hTPIs
END g9|OhymB
EXEC (@TruncLog) 5L[imO M0
END M,@M5o2u
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + m+;U,[%[*E
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + T`":Q1n
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' <O0tg[ub
FROM sysfiles i0K 2#}=^
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName (ct1i>g
DROP TABLE DummyTrans os"R'GYmf
SET NOCOUNT OFF hmGlGc,lf
8、说明:更改某个表 Ye&/O<G'V
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' Dg.~"h5mT
9、存储更改全部表
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CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch ,"is%O.
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), kC%H E
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) ?D _4KFr
AS cM'MgX9
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) 3 0[Xkz
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) (m:Q'4Ep
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) hS8M|_
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR T&dNjx
select 'Name' = name, EQ,`6UT>
'Owner' = user_name(uid) H\oxj,+N
from sysobjects ]jxyaE&%4
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner jH9PD8D\
order by name @I?,!3`jS
OPEN curObject <Y7j' n
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner /~u^@@.
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) +bLP+]7oZ
BEGIN =o~+R\1ux+
if @Owner=@OldOwner yO7y`;Q(sF
begin DdI%TU K,
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) En9J7es_
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner X-((
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end 81x/bx@L%
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner >^Wpc
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner LF!KP
END \O"H#gt
close curObject m`-:j"]b$
deallocate curObject T$"~Vu
GO fYy w2"
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 pLCj"D).M
declare @i int gi,7X\`KQ
set @i=1 3-hcKE
while @i<30 STjb2t,a
begin ]NTQF/
insert into test (userid) values(@i) &,%n
set @i=@i+1 %<nGm\
end 8iaMr278W
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 &?bsBqpN
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) ~/K&=xE
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) NzyEsZ]$
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) "=s}xAM|A
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) |Jd8ul:&e
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) PWl;pBo
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) KBtqtE'(L
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 ?%~p@
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) `RSiZ%Al
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) ;%2+Tc-7I
就是表示本周时间段. ,dQ*0XO!
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: 8iY.!.G#|
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) *Ci&1Mu^Z
而在存储过程中 1$03:ve1
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) J' P:SC1
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) k
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