SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 8ivRp<9
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一、基础 tO?21?AD D
1、说明:创建数据库 2Ryp@c&r^
CREATE DATABASE database-name /a@ k S
2、说明:删除数据库 ' 2>l
drop database dbname sW;7m[o
3、说明:备份sql server $Llta,ULE
--- 创建 备份数据的 device F|ETug
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USE master J1.qhy>
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' jMK3T
--- 开始 备份 %/P=m-K
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack KuA>"X
4、说明:创建新表 Oc7 >S.1
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) 2*+3RrJ
根据已有的表创建新表: h]qT1(I
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) Y;8
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B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only /Z:N8e
5、说明:删除新表 %>i@F=O2<
drop table tabname uii7b7[w
6、说明:增加一个列 Z*9L'd"D|
Alter table tabname add column col type W3^.5I
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 l$M$o(
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) 1:_=g #WH
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) 5!~!j
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8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) S0F@#mSQ?
删除索引:drop index idxname fVYiwE=F
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 LaDY`u0G%
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement 9J?W '8s5
删除视图:drop view viewname PCtkjd
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 3:UA<&=s
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 NW)M?f+6
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) rw&y,%2
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 }f0u5:;Zth
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 JfkTw~'R
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! q'.;W@m
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] (]OFS;%
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 f7Zf}1|
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 "MTWjW*6
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 z4g+2f7h-X
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 eO'xkm
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 )`<6taKx@n
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 y5_XHi@u~o
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A: UNION 运算符 <^Nk.E
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 _e* c
B: EXCEPT 运算符 *E}Oh
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 2hy NVG&$
C: INTERSECT 运算符 Yc
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INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 U%q:^S%#eG
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 \BUqDd!
12、说明:使用外连接 r
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A、left outer join: AeaPK
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 {|XQO'Wg
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c z>|)ieL
B:right outer join: \dTQQ
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 %@P``
C:full outer join: =5Wp&SM6
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 :c=v}
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二、提升 g?V&mu
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) AFm,CINa
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 \6:>{0\
法二:select top 0 * into b from a q`[K3p
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) H<Hrwy~
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; ESIzGaM
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) tOM(U-7Z&
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 6JH56
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. |!Fk2Je,
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) )\0q_a
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) TP{Gt.e
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 t:=k)B
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b +0"x|$f~
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) $/paEn"
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c 5oJ Dux }
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) FsY(02
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; 4uUs7T
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 U(~U!O}
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 B+Z13;}B
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 ?'wsIH]m
9、说明:in 的使用方法 {zP#woz2Q
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') %`+'v_iu
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 !| xZ6KV
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) .*!#98pT
11、说明:四表联查问题: 9U^$.Lb
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... ax_YKJ5#P
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 *b"CPg/\
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 C(o.Cy6
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 Yj|]Uff8O
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 nJT4w|Yx
14、说明:前10条记录 J>%t<xYf4
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 rY,PSK/j
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) 7F(5)Utt
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) ZXt?[Ll
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 v"RiPHLT
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) nm @']
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 DMd ,8W7a
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() 8Z# 21X>
18、说明:随机选择记录 3wC
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select newid() [bjN
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19、说明:删除重复记录 iYKU[UP?
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) +.@c{5J<
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 #3 bv3m
select name from sysobjects where type='U' #s2B%X
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 QU/3X 1W
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') [se^.[0,
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 OVR?*"N_
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type 8Kk\*8 <
显示结果: _ 08];M|
type vender pcs kH?#B%N5
电脑 A 1 ~Ltr.ci
电脑 A 1 MEq"}zrh
光盘 B 2 yC
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光盘 A 2 V=}1[^
手机 B 3 S|K}k:v8
手机 C 3 maC>LBa2/
23、说明:初始化表table1 S LGW:
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 r,xmEj0E
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 ai;\@$ cq
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc |!LnAh
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三、技巧 ,2`~ NPb
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 6D/ '`
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, C1QV[bJK
如: 9.&mz}q
if @strWhere !='' 7=k^M, a
begin SW9fE:v
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere u Z(? >
end (V?@?25
else :ejJV
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begin @Zm Jz
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' AK2WN#u@Z
end 8eyl,W=dn
我们可以直接写成 u^4h&fL
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere #I%s3
2、收缩数据库 nPA@h
--重建索引 T~ k)uQ
DBCC REINDEX }htPTOy5
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG $1@,Qor
--收缩数据和日志 YD&_^3-XM
DBCC SHRINKDB U<bYFuS"
DBCC SHRINKFILE keCRvl Z4
3、压缩数据库 DWf$X1M
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) SSmHEy*r)
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 C2/}d? bki
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' %Q4i%:Qi
go SY
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5、检查备份集 44-r\>
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' &;>4N"]
6、修复数据库 :6Pad
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER {-WTV"L5*2
GO C-SLjJw
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK (|u31[
GO ([LIjaoi
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER 'Q|c@t
GO MCYl{uH!
7、日志清除 4/*q0M{}B
SET NOCOUNT ON oNYZIk:
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, |t6~%6^8
@MaxMinutes INT, PRr*]$\&Mj
@NewSize INT -=5)NH
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USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 8^ #mvHah
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 p^X^1X7
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. `X8@/wf#
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) I>n
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-- Setup / initialize qrBZvJU
DECLARE @OriginalSize int BD*G1k_q
SELECT @OriginalSize = size /A07s[L
FROM sysfiles bFGDgwe z
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName \:/Lc{*}MD
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + "J19*<~
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + 4hAJ!7[A.
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' x';uCKWV
FROM sysfiles (S9f/i^
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName 0k[2jh
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans Iti0qnBN5
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) ?R'Y?b
DECLARE @Counter INT, m 7LUrU
@StartTime DATETIME, +5X DF
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) ,8VU&?`<}
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), _vl}*/=Hc
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' n WaNT-
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) yyP-=Lhmo=
EXEC (@TruncLog) >l5u54^3K
-- Wrap the log if necessary. x;#zs64f
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired q|dH~BK
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) ~]fJlfR*
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize }Dfwm)]Q
BEGIN -- Outer loop. PCE4W^ns
SELECT @Counter = 0 !Q%P%P<$
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) bcz-$?]
BEGIN -- update ?IW_O~Js
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') s&tE_
DELETE DummyTrans PHra+NY#A
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 >k(MUmhX
END 63&^BW
EXEC (@TruncLog) Qc"'8kt
END wL{qD
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + g>j| ]6
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + r`M6!}oa
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' Mr3-q
FROM sysfiles ?Rr2/W#F
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
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DROP TABLE DummyTrans SW 8x]B
SET NOCOUNT OFF ]r/^9XaqtA
8、说明:更改某个表 W!la -n
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' GjT#%GBF
9、存储更改全部表 GDhM<bVqM*
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch PuCc2'#
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), WxUxc75
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) ,.mBJSE3
AS FxW&8 9G
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) R: Z_g!h
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) \:_3i\2p
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) gNj7@bX~
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR i*[n{=*l@
select 'Name' = name, cy3Td28,
'Owner' = user_name(uid) $:bih4@>
from sysobjects \~DM
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner /yPXMJ6W~R
order by name k&6I f0i
OPEN curObject M0'v&g
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner 1=)r@X/6d
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) {})$
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BEGIN /n{1o\
if @Owner=@OldOwner ~)X[(T{
begin xyeA2Y
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) nb,2,H
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner =JO^XwUOo
end v}(6 <wnnS
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner q9*MNHg}
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner jgu*Y{ocm
END !!,0'c
close curObject LBlN2)\@
deallocate curObject :1wrVU-?h
GO L36Yx7gT<
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 L8$1K &!
declare @i int 2Aq~D@,9=:
set @i=1 b{Zpux+
while @i<30 @4GA^h
begin p~jlx~1-]
insert into test (userid) values(@i) g.DLfwI|
set @i=@i+1 ERMa# L
end )P
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小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 Wch~Yb
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) -*ELLY[
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) iLX_T]1
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) !PUZWO
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) yW7'?
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) }F=^O[
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) RYR-K^;R
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 4`v!Z#e/aX
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) ]ya; v '
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) hlbvt-C?}"
就是表示本周时间段. '0aG
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下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: gBw^,)Q{0Y
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) hvV_xD8|
而在存储过程中 tD=@ SX'Y
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) 2)0b2QbQ
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 3z =^(Y