SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 r%m2$vx#
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一、基础 cPXvTVvs
1、说明:创建数据库 "n:9JqPb
CREATE DATABASE database-name l?q^j;{Dw
2、说明:删除数据库 eD3F%wxz
drop database dbname gyK"#-/_d
3、说明:备份sql server ol\IT9Zb~
--- 创建 备份数据的 device =bzTfki
USE master %WNy=V9txp
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' `6A"eDa
--- 开始 备份 `3-j%H2R
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack d~8Q)"6 [
4、说明:创建新表 i@RjG
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) P<hqr;
根据已有的表创建新表: w~9gZ&hdp
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) 2gGJ:,RC$
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only saV `-#
5、说明:删除新表 _W+TZa@_
drop table tabname jd{J3s '%
6、说明:增加一个列 6D OE6
Alter table tabname add column col type pV!(#45 ~W
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 0-9&d(L1g
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) F-Ea85/K@4
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) 9&tV#=s
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) T^'i+>F!w
删除索引:drop index idxname !m;VWGl*
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 wmIq{CXx,
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement xOT3>$
删除视图:drop view viewname /_O-m8+4m
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 Q pX@;j
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 mNJB0B};m
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) + y^s
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删除:delete from table1 where 范围 oAL-v428
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 !>tXib]:
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! e:l 6;
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] "`S61m_
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 TuU.yvkU
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 m^7pbJ\|
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 cZYX[.oIB
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 ft7wMi
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 ,rd+ dN
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 'Zzm'pC
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A: UNION 运算符 /~yqZD<O
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 =Yfs=+O
B: EXCEPT 运算符 R[V%59#{Z
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 "FU|I1Xz
C: INTERSECT 运算符 *<@
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 $=bN=hE
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 >3bpa<M_
12、说明:使用外连接 ji2#O.
A、left outer join: [B4?Z-K%
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 5&>(|Y~I
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c IE6/
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B:right outer join: !xvPG
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 W1OGN4`C
C:full outer join: %%_90t
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 J+zqu
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二、提升 UY+~xzm
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) +)|2$$m
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 D >mLSh
法二:select top 0 * into b from a #0R;^#F/
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) =4[zt^WX"
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; _EY:vv
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) }PXWRv.gW
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 >}9TdP/oT
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. rQWft r^
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) gk&?h7P"<
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) <7p2OPD
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 x6,RW],FGR
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b %:y-"m1\u$
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) Rpr#
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select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c l YhwV\3
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) t5_`q(:
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; HDaec`j
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 gR6:J
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 fSTEZH
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 uJWX7UGuz
9、说明:in 的使用方法 ]D%[GO//!
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') 'Go'87+`
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 l>G#+#{
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) ;)kBJ @
11、说明:四表联查问题: RI`A<*>w
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... }'{(rU
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 ABSeX
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5
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13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 bcZuV5F&
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 7HF\)cz2
14、说明:前10条记录 +vuW9
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 r1\.Jz
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) Dn@ n:m
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) _ %P%~`?!
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 R0|X;3
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) X bg7mj9c
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 k >MgrtJI
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() 52~k:"c
18、说明:随机选择记录 ^TjFR*S'E
select newid() Vs"Z9p$U
19、说明:删除重复记录 UX0tI0.tg
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) ZTun{Dw{
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 QQw^c1@
select name from sysobjects where type='U' eDm,8Se
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 ,lUo@+
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') 4$J/e?i
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 K{iYp4pU
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type @s/ qOq?
显示结果: :DD4BY
type vender pcs *dTw$T#
电脑 A 1 vxgm0ZOMN
电脑 A 1 X4TUi8ht!]
光盘 B 2 uZ^i8;i
光盘 A 2 oacY-&
手机 B 3 KIS.4nt#d"
手机 C 3 )CB?gW
23、说明:初始化表table1 upJishy&I
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 25TEbp[dy
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 F,W(H@ ~x
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc DXiD>1(q
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三、技巧 ;~K($_#H
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 {L0w&~$Fy
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, @!S$gTz
如: ^"f
if @strWhere !='' w.3R1}R
begin ^J G}|v3$
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere &yN<@.
end NanU%#&
else Xnh1pwDhe<
begin W)_B(;$]
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' `Ctj]t
end f6#H@
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我们可以直接写成 M{H&5 9v
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere -1o1k-8d
2、收缩数据库 V]AL'}(
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--重建索引 M(BZ<,9V
DBCC REINDEX i!iODt3k
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG %(]rc%ry0
--收缩数据和日志 -K!-a'J
DBCC SHRINKDB 0(kp>%mbB
DBCC SHRINKFILE V1fPH;
3、压缩数据库 Q4x71*vy
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) V OX>Sl
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 @|@43}M]C-
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' I,[EL{fz
go H~@h
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5、检查备份集 /<C=9?Ok
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' usA!MMH4
6、修复数据库 U}7[8&k1
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER f[RnL#*xJU
GO g :EU\
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK cwroG#jGT
GO 6i4j(P
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER X}yYBf/R`
GO /[s$A?
7、日志清除 Yem\`; *
SET NOCOUNT ON d
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DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, wnX6XyUH
@MaxMinutes INT, "xOeBNRjV
@NewSize INT K+\hv~+@
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 OrBFe *2y
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 *v9G#[gG
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. ZKvh]
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) 5"Yw$DB9
-- Setup / initialize :wZZ 1qa
DECLARE @OriginalSize int liTr3T`,V
SELECT @OriginalSize = size PjHm#a3zg%
FROM sysfiles V*aTDU%-.
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName RB"rx\u7K
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + D6t]E)FH
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + IFY!3^;zO
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' ,&-[$,
FROM sysfiles yiOF&
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName KkY22_{ac
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans iH>djGhTh
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) El%(je,|
DECLARE @Counter INT, 8`2K=`]ES+
@StartTime DATETIME, R32d(2%5K
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) zN1;v6;
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), hG^23FiN
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' |#wz)=mD
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) rXPXO=F1/
EXEC (@TruncLog) f"Iyo:Wt
-- Wrap the log if necessary. 4pqZ!@45|
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired <G>PPf}
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) 3(%,2
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize zYL^e @
BEGIN -- Outer loop. gUp0RPs
SELECT @Counter = 0 C#Jj;Gd
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) 7r>W r#
BEGIN -- update Oq5k4
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') m5Kx}H~
DELETE DummyTrans MF`'r#@:wa
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 YLGLr@:q
END r.^&%D
EXEC (@TruncLog) ${wE5^ky
END U&R$(k0zS
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + ^=G+]$ 8
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + _HsvF[\[
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' ]@YQi<d2^
FROM sysfiles ;Y\,2b, xh
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName \4k*Zk
DROP TABLE DummyTrans #pfosC[
SET NOCOUNT OFF L nGSYrx1
8、说明:更改某个表 7W"menw
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' }b`*%141
9、存储更改全部表 AHGcWS\,X
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch mQd?Tyvn
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), =HHg:"
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) P vwIO_W
AS P{18crC[1
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) vEGK{rMA
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) 4&D="GA
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) Oe`t!&v
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR d}_c(
select 'Name' = name, T#7^6Ks+1
'Owner' = user_name(uid) )v~]lk,o
from sysobjects ?sYjFiE
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner mI#; pO2
order by name @g~sgE}#
OPEN curObject W<"\hQI
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner s jm79/
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) m12B:f
BEGIN N &=2 /
if @Owner=@OldOwner Sj?sw]3
begin K5&C}Ey1
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) sfE8b/Z8
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner UmX[=D|
end Wh5O{G@Ut
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner h>0<@UP
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner ->=++
END DT4RodE$
close curObject <>_WdAOuD
deallocate curObject +_P
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GO L0tKIpk
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 NCt sx /C
declare @i int 6a?p?I K^
set @i=1 KTt$Pt/.
while @i<30 bq-\'h
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begin :'~ gLW>j
insert into test (userid) values(@i) ^~ $&
set @i=@i+1 4tJ4X' U
end EG4bFmcs
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 9'g{<(R]
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) mcr#Ze
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) G6{A[O[
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) F*VMS
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) W+e*(W|d6
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) 4&hqeY3
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) 4uAafQ`@H
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 I?Fa
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) Wy*7jB
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) a] =\h'S
就是表示本周时间段. 'hw@l>1\9
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: 8p{
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) U^BXCu1km
而在存储过程中 q-
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select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) KxmPL
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) K/v-P <g