SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 rYk
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一、基础 ,:"c"
1、说明:创建数据库 r;OE6}L>
CREATE DATABASE database-name d,%@*v]S
2、说明:删除数据库 ]e]hA@4
drop database dbname }}~ t!/x
3、说明:备份sql server Pna2IB+
--- 创建 备份数据的 device C~:!WRCz
USE master ekO*(vQ~
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' p?eQN
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--- 开始 备份 s h^&3}
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack +0FmeM&`h_
4、说明:创建新表 407;M%?'A
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) qAR}D~ t
根据已有的表创建新表: hOF>Dj
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) Q
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B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only S]&7
5、说明:删除新表 ?kM53zbT#
drop table tabname qf6}\0
6、说明:增加一个列 }8&L?B;90
Alter table tabname add column col type ShRkL<
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 N^&T5cAC
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) jRzQ`*KC#
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) `(?x@Y>.Ht
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....)
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删除索引:drop index idxname &y=~:1&f
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 &li&P5!i
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement a]|k w4
删除视图:drop view viewname B%d2 tsDw
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 +{S^A)
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 ;yK:.Vg
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) >VWH
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删除:delete from table1 where 范围 [sH[bmLR
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 [XP3
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! :i ft{XR'
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] DV!) n 6
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 1u0NG)*f
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 h*-j
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 ;qT7BUh(%
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 zSFqy'b.M-
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 }];_ug*
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 \aG:l.IM0
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A: UNION 运算符 h^KLqPBt{
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 ?=h{`Ci^ $
B: EXCEPT 运算符 ^.9I[Umua
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 7}<057Xn'
C: INTERSECT 运算符 8?rRLM4
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 /hMD
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注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 z2QZ;ZjvRS
12、说明:使用外连接 IL]VY1'#
A、left outer join: L)o7~M
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 f}cz_"o4
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c {~"6/L
B:right outer join: e/;chMCq
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 Gq/f|43}@O
C:full outer join: /8SQmh$+e
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 I(dMiL
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二、提升 @{Q[M3l
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) Ppzd.=E
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 dik+BBu5z
法二:select top 0 * into b from a I~$LIdzw
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) Sh=Px9'i
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; _/_1:ivY8
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) *kXSl73 k
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 0NB6S&lI^k
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. v^h
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4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) #Pulbk8
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) n#G
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5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 \1[I(u
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b <}3c%Q1
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) ?5qo>W<7
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c _G!lQ)1
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) ,))UQ7N
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; Ne<"o]_M
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 $Wy7z^t
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 Eg"DiI)7
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 $Gs&'
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9、说明:in 的使用方法 \vB-0w
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') }*~EA=YN;
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 3:i4DBp,i
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) &t+
11、说明:四表联查问题: @xJ qG"
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... %($qg-x
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 mAFqA
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 n<p`OKIV3
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 x+vNA J
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 :5G3uN+\
14、说明:前10条记录 `~hAXnQK=
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 9x,Aqr$t
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) w0Fi~:b
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) ,|_ewye
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 Sq&*K9:z
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) Wiqy".YY
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 _7YAF,@vT
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() ^lT$D8
18、说明:随机选择记录 ~F*pV*
select newid() $jb 0/
19、说明:删除重复记录 cve(pkl
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) :4h4vp<
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 :b;2iBVB
select name from sysobjects where type='U' L`YnrDZK
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 .
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select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') EH"iK2n\9
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 `LnL d;Z
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type -gh',)R
显示结果: !%NxSJ
type vender pcs <pGPuw|~I
电脑 A 1 7Nc@7_=
电脑 A 1 __c:$7B/4U
光盘 B 2 $nQ; ++
光盘 A 2 TH/!z,(>
手机 B 3 )$yqJ6y5
手机 C 3 EuqmA7s8A
23、说明:初始化表table1 ?rWqFM:hb
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 it\{#rb=4
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 ;C-5R U
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select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc bK; -X cm
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三、技巧 e%N\Pshgv
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 o(>!T=f
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, 8iD_md_[
如: oo3ZYA
if @strWhere !='' A,MRK#1u
begin 7i~::Z <
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere d6<,R;)
end *D F5sY
else JrseU6N
begin Jd&Qi)1
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' B+ GPTQSTb
end @fT*fv
我们可以直接写成 I1kx3CwJ{P
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere gPe*M =iF
2、收缩数据库 TxwZA
--重建索引 %B3E9<9>U
DBCC REINDEX dnNC
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DBCC INDEXDEFRAG y ']>J+b0
--收缩数据和日志 O?D*<rwD
DBCC SHRINKDB dI-=0v-|
DBCC SHRINKFILE .Q?cNSWU
3、压缩数据库 }0?642 =-
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) ?;+=bKw0
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 h(] O;a-
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' 4eYj.=I
go >AV-i$4eQ@
5、检查备份集 =bZ>>-<
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' z>vzXM
6、修复数据库 C#p$YQf
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER rYeFYPS
GO 0fXdE ;M3
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK <N=p_m
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GO ep3_G\m
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER /%$'N$@f
GO wz9V)_V*
7、日志清除 x<P$$G/
SET NOCOUNT ON Bca\grA
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, -#Yg B5
@MaxMinutes INT, '_g8fz
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@NewSize INT MT$OjH'Q`
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 QT9(s\u
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 8 ]dhNA5
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. %K;,qS'N_
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) n+rAbn5o$
-- Setup / initialize 4bhm1Q
DECLARE @OriginalSize int '- 4);:(^
SELECT @OriginalSize = size E4HG`_cWb
FROM sysfiles PsEm(.z
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName JQ%e'
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + ^EjZ.#2l;
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + CP |N2rb
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' _wCp.[3?t
FROM sysfiles ' ,a'r.HJH
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName }7g\1l\
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans O=MO M
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) `w@fxv
DECLARE @Counter INT, 2l{g$44
@StartTime DATETIME, 4M6o+WV
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) 3:YZC9
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), /.aZXC$]
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' Ol~sCr
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) f&js,NU"
EXEC (@TruncLog) fR~_5pt7
-- Wrap the log if necessary. H-nk\ K<|
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired lHV
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AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) H"WkyvqXb
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize Jq l#z/z
BEGIN -- Outer loop. 6sRn_y
SELECT @Counter = 0 QSW03/_f
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) gvr"F
BEGIN -- update TCX*$ac"
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') a"b9h{h@
DELETE DummyTrans eq<xO28z
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 DFwkd/3"
END H(lq=M0~
EXEC (@TruncLog) X'TQtI
END !Q*.Dw()[
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + ?#<Fxme
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + fS>W-
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' {e/12q
FROM sysfiles fYuJf,I[f
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName d?oupW}uu
DROP TABLE DummyTrans ?NGM<nK;7
SET NOCOUNT OFF !qV{OXdrB
8、说明:更改某个表 =IkQ;L&
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' !<h*\%;
9、存储更改全部表 WQ\' z?P
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch c;xL.
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), 2ELw}9
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) 1U;je,)
AS /j0<x^m/
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) (8?t0}#t
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) .6z#o{n
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) N0O8to}V
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR L
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select 'Name' = name, 2IFri|;-eb
'Owner' = user_name(uid) m>x.4aO1
from sysobjects UAFl+d!
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner nC$f0r"z
order by name @N7X(@O
OPEN curObject izebQVQO*
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner >to NGGU=~
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) S)iv k x
BEGIN o|>2X[T
if @Owner=@OldOwner R(74Px,/
begin LcoJltY{5
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) Y#{ L}
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner [c+[t3dz
end |_&vW\
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner VE+Q Y9(
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner ()6(eRGJ
END b/:9^&z
close curObject \l?\%aqm
deallocate curObject %{!*)V\
GO 3 q^3znt
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 jutEb@nog
declare @i int Z*tB=
set @i=1 6{B$_Usg
while @i<30 0j %s
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begin kl4FVZof
insert into test (userid) values(@i) a[Ah
set @i=@i+1 dT4?8:
end =Bcwd7+
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 X!ZUR^
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) \HF|&@}hU
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) l ~CYxO
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) yDg`9q.ckm
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) LX[<Wh_X(
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) 5Mf bO3
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) : KhAf2A
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 .aV#W@iyK
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) lQj3#!1}
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) as=Z_a:0N
就是表示本周时间段. 9gVu:o 1/
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: Au<NUc
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Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) ShbW[*5
而在存储过程中 Tf(-Duxz
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) 89e<,f`h
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 0}}b\!]9