SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 8>Hnv]p
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一、基础 NZ`( d
1、说明:创建数据库 -I.OvzQ*
CREATE DATABASE database-name w!7f*
2、说明:删除数据库 ?]}1FP
drop database dbname e,qc7BJzK
3、说明:备份sql server @ oE [!
--- 创建 备份数据的 device c+/SvRx^>
USE master NZ/>nNs
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' :qi"I;=6
--- 开始 备份 D+/27#
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack tY<D\T
4、说明:创建新表 rrei6$H&
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) &ZgB b
根据已有的表创建新表: 2{zFO3i<3
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) |q5R5mQ
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only :Vc+/ZyW
5、说明:删除新表 h
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drop table tabname 9u/ "bj
6、说明:增加一个列 KTd,^h
Alter table tabname add column col type MoN;t;
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 bZk7)b;1o
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) RS G\3(
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) h>w4{ u0
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) f5+a6s9
删除索引:drop index idxname QfJ?'*
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 P?dE\Po7
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement 0[g8
删除视图:drop view viewname zp>q$e40
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 _8 b)Xx@5
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 b>AFhj :
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) &Ib8xwb:
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 >h/J{T(P>h
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 !L"3Ot d
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! \w{x-}
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] 4A:@+n%3m
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 s`ly#+!.
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 p`-`(i=iJo
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 A/Kw"l>
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 EoqUFa,
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 =h^cfyj
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 wE:hl
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A: UNION 运算符 PA;RUe
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 r'M|mQ$s>
B: EXCEPT 运算符 F MB\$(g
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 oop''6`C%
C: INTERSECT 运算符 NvWwj%6]
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 306C_M\$
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 CXGq>cQ=d
12、说明:使用外连接 ?y!0QAIXK
A、left outer join: Q@hx+aM
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 #P$=P2o
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c P&C,E E$
B:right outer join: E^ _P
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 x]lv:m\)jT
C:full outer join: w1EYXe
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 S P)$K=
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二、提升 0f/=C9L
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) ,/{mRw%
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 a?K=
法二:select top 0 * into b from a sY!PXD0Q
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) )Ac+5bs
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; vr2tIKvpn
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) 6,)!\1k
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 y%
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例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. nY"9"R\.=
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) @47MJzC
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) w}^z1n
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 |&WeXVH E
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b 7. 9n
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) !EuU
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select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c B\A2Vm`&
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) kPF[E5
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; &}31q`
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 FqAW><
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 d9h"Q
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 -8; ,#
9、说明:in 的使用方法 1tU}}l
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') *_}|EuY
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 8;/`uB:zV
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) )h&s.k
11、说明:四表联查问题: bvzeUn
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... ]0.? 1s e
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 w35r\x +
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 /~V.qisZ
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 _@jBz"aq\
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 h.FC:ym"
14、说明:前10条记录 |3W\^4>,
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 My0h9'K
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) ZvEcExA-
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) |rkj$s,
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 S3]Cz$
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) Z W`
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17、说明:随机取出10条数据 h[72iVn
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() |^Nz/PN
18、说明:随机选择记录 p"f=[awp
select newid() -q\5)nY
19、说明:删除重复记录 4Waot
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) 4 F~e3
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 bs$x%CR
select name from sysobjects where type='U' eYBo*
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 [RG&1~
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') [,)yc/{*
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 HByk 1
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type YP{)jAK
显示结果: @54, I
type vender pcs X~t] qT
电脑 A 1 XH&Fn+
电脑 A 1 2GQq(_
光盘 B 2 VQF!|*#
光盘 A 2 B4 5B`Ay
手机 B 3 Y\luz`v
手机 C 3 \)859x&(
23、说明:初始化表table1 n-[J+DdB
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 uZ][#[u
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 }yCJ#}
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc vAiNOpz#
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三、技巧 R[ p. )F7
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 D"_~Njf
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, I9P<!#q>
如: 6r"uDV #0
if @strWhere !='' r1&b#r>
begin -]c5**O}
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere } r^@Xh
end YgiwtZ5FY
else o.U$\9MNP
begin 5\1Z"?
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' CZyOAoc<
end ^G%Bj`%
我们可以直接写成 $by-?z((
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere ^! /7
2、收缩数据库 l4u@0;6P
--重建索引 V !G&Aen
DBCC REINDEX -G&>b
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DBCC INDEXDEFRAG }LQ*vD-Jj
--收缩数据和日志 q#wg2
DBCC SHRINKDB ?T-6|vZA
DBCC SHRINKFILE OJ$169@;
3、压缩数据库 X_|W#IM*+
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) 6He 7A@Eh
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 2/S~l;x
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' 0HK03&
go (UmoG
5、检查备份集 GczGW4\P'
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' yo*c& >
6、修复数据库 MN\/F4Io
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER g/,fjM_
GO 33x3zEUt6
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK HpXMPHd
GO A3ad9?LR[R
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER H6?ZE
GO 7cin?Z1
7、日志清除 yZ3/Ia>,
SET NOCOUNT ON /=Bz[O
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, <y5V],-U
@MaxMinutes INT, X.<_TBos|
@NewSize INT b2c% 0C
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 cAJKFuX"
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 L;30&a
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. |qbCmsY5/
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) i$[wgvJIV
-- Setup / initialize W Da;wt
DECLARE @OriginalSize int I7b(fc-r
SELECT @OriginalSize = size ZxkX\gl91
FROM sysfiles )}L*8 LV
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName YAnt}]u!"
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + JoQzf~
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + q:sDNj)R\
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' avxI\twAU
FROM sysfiles "Q9S<O8)
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName NhQIpzL)
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans b $x<7l5C
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) @
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DECLARE @Counter INT, fVv#|
@StartTime DATETIME, }CZ,WJz=
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) <\Nf6>_qEM
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), <b"ynoM.A
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' P;0tI;
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) c.jq?Q k
EXEC (@TruncLog) @OAX#iQl
-- Wrap the log if necessary. LB%_FT5
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired *)"U5A/v)
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) fEc}c.!5
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize a%f{mP$m
BEGIN -- Outer loop. Nk=F.fp|/
SELECT @Counter = 0 quk~z};R>\
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) ^qqP):0y1V
BEGIN -- update Mp;t?C4
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') ] ,Wh]q
DELETE DummyTrans 84tuN
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 0$l=ME(
END `*PVFm>
EXEC (@TruncLog) 6u/3"A]'
END g.aNITjP
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + EAo7(d@
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + 9oS \{[x.
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' \@nmM&7C!4
FROM sysfiles yAtM|:qq
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName "lLt=s2>L
DROP TABLE DummyTrans zNRoFz.
SET NOCOUNT OFF lqAU5K{wQ
8、说明:更改某个表 K1uN(T.Ju
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' 6,M>' s,N
9、存储更改全部表 ==(9P`\
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch 7|PpAvMF
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), #G{}Rd|!
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) gVCkj!{
AS ||hy+f[A
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) udB:ys
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) nk9hQRP?
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DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) *{tn/ro6a
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR a{Y:hrd:Z
select 'Name' = name, DCX4!,ZF
'Owner' = user_name(uid) @I}:HiF
from sysobjects ?
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where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner mU:C{<Z
order by name tp$NT.z
OPEN curObject >#dNXH]9
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner VA4vAF
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) 5b9_6L6
BEGIN ,0[8/)$M
if @Owner=@OldOwner n|NI]Qi*
begin wRf_IBhCd
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) 1JgnuBX"
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner mB;W9[
end <oV
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-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner i:OD)l
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner G,>tC`!
END tr7FV1p
close curObject z_!P0`
deallocate curObject 8<3J!X+
GO _Pa(5-S'KR
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 D9e"E1f+"
declare @i int e%x$Cb:znn
set @i=1 l#%Y]1*
while @i<30 MdU_zY(c
begin tc@v9`^_
insert into test (userid) values(@i) ih2H~c>O
set @i=@i+1 B$g!4C
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end ~b5aT;ObR
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 bj(U?$
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) nXK"B Ye
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 5ejdf
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) *gHOH!K,S
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) &PD4+%!
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) IkH]W!_+
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) &GwBxJ
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 R`G%eG)+
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) Zp@p9][C
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 8^p/?R^bu
就是表示本周时间段. ^SxB b,\
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: eznw05U
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) nk1(/~`
而在存储过程中 9%oLv25{)
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) xBG&ZM4"^f
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) /#9O{)