SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 E%2!C/+B
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一、基础 z Jo#3
1、说明:创建数据库 E_![`9i
CREATE DATABASE database-name lgjoF_D
2、说明:删除数据库 8T.5Mhx0jS
drop database dbname R!V5-0%
3、说明:备份sql server qJFgbq4-
--- 创建 备份数据的 device sAjKf\][
USE master 9*TS90>a
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' ahi57r[
--- 开始 备份 _^xh1=Qr}n
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack X@h^T>["
4、说明:创建新表 QC\g%MVG
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) i^s`6:rNu
根据已有的表创建新表: (9YYv+GGd*
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) Gkodk[VuLs
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only sQ>B_Y!
5、说明:删除新表 8W1K3[Jj<
drop table tabname ZXsY-5$#d-
6、说明:增加一个列 =~W0 ~lxX
Alter table tabname add column col type SN[L4}{
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 .cH{WZ
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) Oj4u!SY\j
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) l#5~t|\
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) :uIi
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删除索引:drop index idxname C$'D]fX
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 I4o=6ts
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement dY4k9p8
删除视图:drop view viewname z*dQIC
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 Hlt8al3
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 B
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插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) 6HEqm>Yau
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 _Ra<|NVQh
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 D 8@nkSP
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! =$)4:
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] 5M<'A=
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 8z."X$
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 QX/X {h6
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 AK@`'$
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 JGk3b=K
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 Xx3g3P
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 <fC@KY>#
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A: UNION 运算符 u0bfX,e2U
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 e-CNQnO~
B: EXCEPT 运算符 Snc;p
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 }J ei$0x
C: INTERSECT 运算符 74@lo-/LY
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 :]CzN^k(1c
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 e/"yGQu
12、说明:使用外连接 8sN#e(@
A、left outer join: +Dx1/I
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 uipq=Yp.
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c fm(mO%
B:right outer join: eu#,WwlG
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 !_CX2|
C:full outer join: fD1?z"lo
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 s?QVX~S"
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二、提升 s kN9O"^A
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) {>8Pl2J
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 wP[xmO-%
法二:select top 0 * into b from a 3lo;^KX !
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) ^4c,U9J=
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; KcC!N{
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) _fcS>/<a
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 F%xK"l`&
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. ""co6qo#>
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) PJzc=XPU
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) '.?^uM
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 ^>C11v
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b rwiw
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6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) sLb8*fak
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c !c%
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) w/ TKRCO3
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; U^MuZ
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 geksjVwPH
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 pet~[e%!
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 &5?G-mn
9、说明:in 的使用方法 zj<ahg%z
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') $9K(F~/
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 2d*_Qq1
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) i[\w%(83Fi
11、说明:四表联查问题: cJCU*(7&
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... ?WQNIX4
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 hk%k(^ekU]
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 W{
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13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 ;j{7!GeKa
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 U@'F%nHw
14、说明:前10条记录 (&jW}1D
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 }Z\wH*s`
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) gV8"VZg2
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) #uSK#>H_!
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 `\bT'~P
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) ks*Y9D*=
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 9Hd;353Q
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
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18、说明:随机选择记录 5,1{Tv`
select newid() 3GF2eS$$P
19、说明:删除重复记录 `9Yn0B.
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) UZGDdP
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 >O#grDXb
select name from sysobjects where type='U' qj!eLA-aD
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 *RWm47
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') *FK`&(B+}
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 :P$#MC
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type y+9h~,:A
显示结果: & ze>X
type vender pcs =bLY
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电脑 A 1 bUZ_UW
电脑 A 1 PE"v*9k
光盘 B 2 x({H{'9?
光盘 A 2 /*$hx @ih
手机 B 3 $bvJTuw
手机 C 3 v.=/Y(J
23、说明:初始化表table1 e)H!uR
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 bc I']WgB-
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 ,+`HQdq
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc -F\qnsZ2
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三、技巧 :7g=b%;
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 kW@,$_cK
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, =JS;;PzX[
如: t<j^q`;@v
if @strWhere !='' aG+j9Q_
begin
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set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere '?QuJFki
end e:w&(is
else ememce,Np
begin ObG|o1b
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' 6KZf%)$
end |X19fgk
我们可以直接写成 I$t3qd{H&
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere 6w[}&pX"z
2、收缩数据库 Hr<o!e{Y
--重建索引 .w?(NZ2~
DBCC REINDEX bzN-*3YE=
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG !v.9"!' N
--收缩数据和日志 Ih}1%Jq
DBCC SHRINKDB a:,y
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DBCC SHRINKFILE A3N]8?D
3、压缩数据库 e({9]
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) }n_p$g[Nj/
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 x%+{VStA
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' nlYR-.
go M:KbD|
5、检查备份集 <*!i$(gn
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' ^ KK_qC
6、修复数据库 *OJ/V O
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER !" #9<~Q,p
GO IP`6bMd
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK #1 1NPo9
GO kum#^^4G|
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER cJo\#cr
GO 9>zcBG8f
7、日志清除 9^"b*&>P
SET NOCOUNT ON E/&Rb*3
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, '>$EOg"
@MaxMinutes INT, im} ?rY
@NewSize INT Zn=T#o
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 %CwL:.|
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 {rfF'@[
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. \<Sv3xy&O
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) ?\KM5^eX
-- Setup / initialize /={Js*
DECLARE @OriginalSize int }G o$
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SELECT @OriginalSize = size NjPDX>R\K
FROM sysfiles -K,-h[o
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName |7,L`utp
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + S##1GOO
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + a?|vQ*W
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' JO=[YoTr
FROM sysfiles iovfo2!hD
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName :j|IP)-f
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans ] Z8Vj7~
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) j'[m:/
DECLARE @Counter INT, p4IZ
@StartTime DATETIME, -9RDr\&`(
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) 7Dnp'*H
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), RLlU"
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@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' .=m,hu~
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) PB%-9C0
EXEC (@TruncLog) l4n)#?Q?
-- Wrap the log if necessary. ^7;JC7qmN
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired lo%;aK
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) <YA&Dr3OD
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize *Av"JAX
BEGIN -- Outer loop. #;n+YM">:
SELECT @Counter = 0 [I4ege>
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) Y(cN}44
BEGIN -- update syU9O&<
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') 1@u2im-O
DELETE DummyTrans ,q(&)L$S
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 8Ll[ fJZA
END eC5 $#,HiC
EXEC (@TruncLog) 1n%?@+W
END l3N I$Zu
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + 3=-4%%[M@
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + G'YH6x,
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' r kiT1YTY
FROM sysfiles u77E! z4Uz
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName -{^}"N
DROP TABLE DummyTrans >~`C-K#
SET NOCOUNT OFF S+TOSjfis
8、说明:更改某个表 GGhM;%H_99
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' ng:Q1Q9N
9、存储更改全部表 }j,[ 1@S
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch AeAp0cbet
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), }|%eCVB
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) O;7)Hjw t
AS ;n|^1S<[
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) .9O$G2'oh
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) bc
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DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) zhY+x<-
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR s1?[7yC
select 'Name' = name, 'zh7_%
'Owner' = user_name(uid) m Sk5u 7
from sysobjects yV)la@c
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner 5U_H>oD
order by name OFje+S
OPEN curObject T{wuj[Q#:
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner (H+'X}1
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) m7T)m0
BEGIN g/13~UM\
if @Owner=@OldOwner dg4vc][
begin l }XU59
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) Z$J#|
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner vM_:&j_?``
end 0a"igq9t
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner !n^OM?.4
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner u4Em%:Xj
END {mB0rKVm
close curObject b,8{ X<
deallocate curObject qC'{;ko
GO _HhbIU
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 "vtCTl~t
declare @i int .$@R{>%U
set @i=1 86
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while @i<30 IHRGw
begin kA7mLrON
insert into test (userid) values(@i) %kgkXc~6|x
set @i=@i+1 J*9$;
end bTQNb!&
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 Ytgj|@jsp
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) soCi[j$lH
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) [
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Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) "kZ[N'z(
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) +MmHu6"1
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) 7 I>G{
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) epgPT'^
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 i*CZV|t US
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) ?.Pg\ur
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) %u;~kP|S%
就是表示本周时间段. z2Z^~,i
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: GKcv<G208
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) a'\o7_
而在存储过程中 SM@QUAXO
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) t|m=J`a{q;
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) F`9]=T0