SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 B#hvw'}
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一、基础 0'f\>4B
1、说明:创建数据库 ysi=}+F.
CREATE DATABASE database-name s]e`q4ip
2、说明:删除数据库 _Q Hk&-Lp
drop database dbname w:nH_x#C4
3、说明:备份sql server q_^yma
--- 创建 备份数据的 device R|}4H*N
USE master Qu Mv1)n
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' l?IeZisX
--- 开始 备份 #-Mr3
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack lH?jqp
4、说明:创建新表 H!0m8LCnb
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) %5+X
根据已有的表创建新表: CB-;Jqb
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) g$2#TWW5
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only (Z @dz
5、说明:删除新表 ~tTn7[!
drop table tabname G6{'|CV
6、说明:增加一个列 ^w%%$9=:r
Alter table tabname add column col type UrciCOQf
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 PX?%}~
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7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) h}'Hst
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) *tT}N@<%
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) UW} @oP$r
删除索引:drop index idxname 9i 9
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注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 @D*PO-s9
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement 2gklGDJD
删除视图:drop view viewname F{QOu0$cA4
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 I74Rw*fB
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 5m'AT]5Tn_
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) KF(y`(8f
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 ,]ySBAO
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 8EkzSe
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! \tvL<U"'
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] M]k Q{(
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 !oXFDC3k
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 f?^-JZ
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 6ERMn"[_w
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 x&J\ swN9
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 NwOV2E6@OW
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 ^/}4M'[ w
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A: UNION 运算符 zd8A8]&-
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 N2 3:+u<)E
B: EXCEPT 运算符 Kv!:2br
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 6
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C: INTERSECT 运算符 &d6ud|
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 jK/FzD0-
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 6W1+@
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12、说明:使用外连接 gloG_*W
A、left outer join: u"oO._a(
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 kmTYRl
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SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c Ap?,y?
B:right outer join: '{~[e**
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 3mYW]
C:full outer join: ;*zLf 9i
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 >G"fMOOkW
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二、提升 aqqo>O3 s
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) C4PT(cezR
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 s&o9LdL
法二:select top 0 * into b from a *)B \M>
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) nG5\vj,zB
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; =AzkE]
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) E <j=5|0t
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 n2-+.9cY
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. rxol7"2l
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) 2uT6M%OC
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) t>%b[(a
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 _~CJitR3
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b 9&zR
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6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) >*O5Ry:4
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c `$JZJ!,A
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) u=s,bt,"5
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; qHe
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8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 xWa[qCr
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 G8w @C
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 _8K8Ai-~.>
9、说明:in 的使用方法 8r[TM
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') aw lq/
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 Jpp-3i.F#
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) ziO(`"v
11、说明:四表联查问题: C^'r>0
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... c8
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 Z>3~n
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 [3S17tTc3
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 X1}M_h%
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 ^J^~5q8
14、说明:前10条记录 [bo"!Qk%
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 3j$,L(
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) 2<n18-|OQ
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) )$f?v22
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 ,Iz9!i
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(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) bvZD@F`2
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 AIQ
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select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() yr>J^Et%_
18、说明:随机选择记录 xo @|;Z>&F
select newid() `g(#~0R
19、说明:删除重复记录 <bCB-lG*Kb
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) }0H<G0
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 {P?DkUO}
select name from sysobjects where type='U' avG#0AY
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 u w8g%
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') 8R\6hYJ%F
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 |8k^jq
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type 5Y`4%*$
显示结果: g]44|9x(W
type vender pcs B&59c*K
电脑 A 1 .L#4#IO
电脑 A 1 d72
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光盘 B 2 RDQ]_wsyKG
光盘 A 2 kn3GgdU
手机 B 3 ^qC.bv]&
手机 C 3 q2*)e/}H
23、说明:初始化表table1 5"U5^6:T
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 Bw`? zd\*
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 .uX(-8n ~
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc L&NpC&>wD
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三、技巧 Pk5\v0vkg
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 *qL2=2
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, Edh9=sxL
如: [.$%ti*!
if @strWhere !='' e>!]_B1ad
begin |yOIC,5[JW
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere (1er?4
end loq2+(
else C$at9=(E6
begin mpDxJk!
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' [!KsAsmk
end Op9+5]XF
我们可以直接写成 J$jLGy& '
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere }\N ~%?6D
2、收缩数据库 g;o5m}
--重建索引 n~w[ajC/
DBCC REINDEX bccf4EyQ
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DBCC INDEXDEFRAG ~$
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--收缩数据和日志 /!"sPtIh
DBCC SHRINKDB 0_^3
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DBCC SHRINKFILE 2Z^p)
3、压缩数据库 XNvlx4
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) |N^8zo :
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 Uul5h8F
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' ~^ ' + .
go yG# x*\9
5、检查备份集 ),
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RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' "x_G6JE4tv
6、修复数据库 r:U<cLT[9
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER pF~aR]Q
GO b|k(:b-G&.
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK pwVGe|h%,
GO *a(GG
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER E`wq`g`H<
GO 8jky-r
7、日志清除 Y{4nBu
SET NOCOUNT ON 6k37RpgH
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, yzNDXA.
@MaxMinutes INT, KAr5>^<zw
@NewSize INT V3
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USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 cft@sY
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 jR3mV
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. <\
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@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) ?%Pi#%P
-- Setup / initialize hx~rq`{
DECLARE @OriginalSize int ;Q5o38(
SELECT @OriginalSize = size KC<K*UHPAH
FROM sysfiles 01%0u8U
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName >8`;SEnv
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + T+5H2]yy)
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + e&<=+\ul
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' 2rf#Bq?7
FROM sysfiles ICWHEot
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName leXdxpc
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans `7V'A
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) ~!Rf5QA85
DECLARE @Counter INT, &D7Mv5i0@
@StartTime DATETIME, CSFE[F63
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) /)Weg1b
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), |Yi_|']#
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' m\ @Q}
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) soB_j
EXEC (@TruncLog) `my\59T
-- Wrap the log if necessary. ge{%B~x
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired JWxSN9.X
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) 2d OUY
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AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize P[ ,
BEGIN -- Outer loop. c#fSt}J>C
SELECT @Counter = 0 # *7ImEN
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) <+<,$jGC-
BEGIN -- update WsmP]i^Q
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') 2<_|1%C
DELETE DummyTrans Gfle"_4m8
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 OK:YnSk "
END 3`njQvI\
EXEC (@TruncLog) |@MGGAk
END h& Ezhv2
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + 9@
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CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + *Y ?&N2@c
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' `6*1mE1K&
FROM sysfiles -D_xA10
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName Q3LScpp
DROP TABLE DummyTrans *nY$YwHB
SET NOCOUNT OFF ","to
8、说明:更改某个表 Rap_1o9#\
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' Q2t>E(S
9、存储更改全部表 XpP}(A@G
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch ,Mu"r!MK
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), Qy'-3GB
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) kE{-h'xADD
AS pxQh;w
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) >td\PW~X
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) SiT5QJe
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)
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DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR aw1f;&K4
select 'Name' = name, ]7%+SH,RdD
'Owner' = user_name(uid) tfd!;` B
from sysobjects 9P-I)ZqL
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner ']>/$[!
order by name 1lHBg
OPEN curObject $"{I|UFC
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner '# J/e0o@
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) l]geQl:7`r
BEGIN 5G WC
if @Owner=@OldOwner J<ZG&m362p
begin RV6|sN[x>
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) t",b.vki\z
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner esHcE{GNOS
end x1 1ug
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner M_#^zo
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FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner NS^+n4
END q<Wz9lDMNR
close curObject \7tJ)[0aF
deallocate curObject 8FT@TUFb
GO 0/b3]{skK
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 _n!W4zwi
declare @i int C +S>;1
set @i=1
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while @i<30 jH]?vpP
begin d/` d:g
insert into test (userid) values(@i) -ob1_0
set @i=@i+1 hXP'NS`iv
end p!p:LSk"/b
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 "v5jYz5M
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) "I^pb.3
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) Gq;!g(
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) |F52)<\
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) bc*CP0t|
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) eRvnN>L
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) iea7*]vW
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 \PgMMc4'
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) ZD`0(CkXb
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) Mp`i@pm+
就是表示本周时间段. 5$"IUq*
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: "| KD$CY
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) ,~qjL|9
而在存储过程中 Vi\kB%
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) ~mu)Cw
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) gjex; h