SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 R/W&~t
!ktr|9Bl
;g9+*$Gw
一、基础 =6$( m}(74
1、说明:创建数据库 bQ%^l#H_n'
CREATE DATABASE database-name `W9_LROD
2、说明:删除数据库 `6/7},"9t
drop database dbname fCKcv |
3、说明:备份sql server *uIHa"
--- 创建 备份数据的 device rZEu@63
USE master xM:dFS
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' R~i<*
--- 开始 备份 KR*/ye G!E
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack e/6oC~#]
4、说明:创建新表 3-05y!vbcE
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) +vP1DXtj(
根据已有的表创建新表: w%ForDB>P
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) D+V^nCcx%
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only 8Y9mB#X
5、说明:删除新表 F2&KTK
drop table tabname G>Q{[m$
6、说明:增加一个列 ll#PCgIm
Alter table tabname add column col type iAN#TCwLT7
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 ~4M]SX1z
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) &e(de$}xt
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) i<
ih :
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) _
|; bh
删除索引:drop index idxname nT>?}/S
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 6Z$T&Ul{
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement W+S>/`N
删除视图:drop view viewname k`- L5#`
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 y&
)z\8
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 >g?,BK@
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) u1uY*p
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 P|\,kw>l
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 Y4_i=}\*vf
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! 5XhV+t
g.
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] &"BKue~q@p
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 DeUDZL%/
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 ((y+FJH
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 A1|:$tED+2
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 V{n pK(
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 ?$
3=m)s
NM4 n
lBCM;#P
olqHa5qn
11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 (HTVSC%=
T:si?7CR
0<Y)yNsV
A: UNION 运算符 +,smjg:O
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 d;
M&X!Y
B: EXCEPT 运算符 /ZczfM\
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 k: {$M yK
C: INTERSECT 运算符 M! s&<Bi
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 =$m|M
m[a
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 pY2nv/
12、说明:使用外连接 6} 9A0
A、left outer join:
I{E10;
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 y]Y)?])
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c W?$
ImW
B:right outer join: y]/{W}D
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 9+L!
A
C:full outer join: Q/< $ (Y
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 )P$
IXA\
3}H94H)]a
(Yx rZ_F'b
二、提升 vs.q<i-u
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) p~r +2(J
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 pd|c7D!6U,
法二:select top 0 * into b from a 4[6A~iC_
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) '\9A78NV{;
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; #i~.wQ$1
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) )wKuumet
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 Tkd4nRo~
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. c!I>
_PD`&
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) nI6`/
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) |h.he_B+7
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 XpM#0hm
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b +%FGti$[
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) lVqvS/_k$
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c sl)_HA7G
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) 0n1y$*I4
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; Gm*i='f!?
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 sI~{it#
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 4b 4nFRnH
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 D3I;5m`_
9、说明:in 的使用方法 <uA|nYpp
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') Z!#zr@'k
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 Q
i?
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) 7Npz
{C{I
11、说明:四表联查问题: iJq}tIk#2'
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... #fa~^]EM]
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 vHao
y
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 (ttO
O45
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 Chjth"
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 iX4/;2B=,
14、说明:前10条记录 9m<>G3Jr
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 -0>@jfP^D
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) hG3b7!^#g
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) ]e+S ~me
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 ; LTc4t
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) JeiW
z1t
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 ?p/i}28=y
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() @$Y`I{Xf
18、说明:随机选择记录 #w#B'
select newid() ,cpPXcz ?,
19、说明:删除重复记录 ]92@&J0w
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) rQ/S|gG
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 5HmX-+XpK
select name from sysobjects where type='U' Xmtq~}K>
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 KaOS!e'
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') HmQuRW
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 Y,?rykRj
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type @
j'I
显示结果: N>VA`+aFR
type vender pcs n-p|7N
电脑 A 1 `57ffQR9
电脑 A 1 514;!Q4K
光盘 B 2 aN.Phn:
光盘 A 2 c>I^SY(r%
手机 B 3 (/c9v8Pr(7
手机 C 3 3q<\
\8Y*
23、说明:初始化表table1 aWW|.#L
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 ca-|G'q
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 1J^{h5?lU
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc yay{lP}b"
RzNv|
7ej"q
LR}b^QU7
三、技巧 AOeptv^k3}
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 9QZ;F4 r
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, !x|Ok'izDL
如: *y7^4I-J
if @strWhere !='' DaaLRMQ=
begin :tNH Cx
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere v2dC na\
end 3%'$AM}+s
else )j!22tlL
begin NfKi,^O
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' %KRAcCa7
end Vhv<w
O Ct
我们可以直接写成 jF{zcYU
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere Z&YW9de@
2、收缩数据库 jFnq{Lt
--重建索引 9V("K
DBCC REINDEX KI#),~nS
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG <T<?7SE+
--收缩数据和日志
>OmY
DBCC SHRINKDB eZT923tD
DBCC SHRINKFILE K5'@$Km
3、压缩数据库 W~FcU+a
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)
>Xh9{/o
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 :*#I1nb$
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' =((#k DrN
go 'ym/@h7h
5、检查备份集 G^5}T>TV
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' *r$(lf
6、修复数据库 StA5h+[m
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER wF[^?K '
GO jbGP`b1_
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK %YA=W=Yd
GO 4w\cS&X~C
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER 4)i/B99k
GO /N]?>[<NW
7、日志清除 b$H{|[
SET NOCOUNT ON 1]m]b4]
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, K6{{\r
@MaxMinutes INT, o%5^dX&[
@NewSize INT j;)U5X
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 do C8!
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 Fz~-m# Ts
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. R"VmN2
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) _6(QbY'JV`
-- Setup / initialize *EvnN:
DECLARE @OriginalSize int rx
CSs
SELECT @OriginalSize = size ) j_g*<
FROM sysfiles A9!%H6
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName +t})tDPXw
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + a3sXl+$D@
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + D*I%=);B_
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' 6m|j "m
FROM sysfiles la[xbv
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName [0w@0?[
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans 0sLR5A
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) c4k3|=f
DECLARE @Counter INT, sTU`@}}
@StartTime DATETIME, =6Ihk
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) 7ae8nZ3&
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), t[XxLG*
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' ;gu_/[P
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) U8PSJ0ny
EXEC (@TruncLog) ZC@sUj"
-- Wrap the log if necessary. ,GA2K .:#
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired 8.ll]3))
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) udMDE=1~L
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize V \,Z (
BEGIN -- Outer loop. |Qo;=~7
SELECT @Counter = 0 ^Bf@ I
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) TG~:Cmc
BEGIN -- update d:|X|0#\uH
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') 5^~%10=
DELETE DummyTrans i"p)%q~ z
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 HY4X;^hF
END ML^c-xY(
EXEC (@TruncLog) h S/oOeG<Y
END 6Xu8~%i
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + b7^VWX%
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + Y.$'<1
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' 3.Oc8(N^}
FROM sysfiles g@BQ!}_#5
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName J*vy-[w
DROP TABLE DummyTrans =X'i^Q
SET NOCOUNT OFF y2bL!Y<s9
8、说明:更改某个表 rhGHR5
g
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' |[7xTD
9、存储更改全部表 \cP\I5IW:s
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch >gtKyn]
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), .^6"nnfA#
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) 2;VggPpT
AS W2e~!:w
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) SQ9s
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) +1zCb=;!{
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) !~u;CMR
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR v}q3_m]
select 'Name' = name, e
"5S;
'Owner' = user_name(uid) wu"6Kyu
from sysobjects '8R5?9"
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner wuSp+?{5k
order by name AL74q[>
OPEN curObject .H
{
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner EbZRU65J}O
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) E5(\/;[*`
BEGIN q{gt2OWqX
if @Owner=@OldOwner 9=p^E# d
begin })rJU/
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) i/N4uq}'A<
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner :Y`cgi0vkd
end ![YLY&}s
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner fOs"\Y4
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner ?4GI19j
END +P2f<~
close curObject X YO09#>&
deallocate curObject #05#@v8.f
GO 0*o)k6?q3
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 ]PJb 9$f2
declare @i int UE^_SZ
set @i=1 ;+t~$5
while @i<30
~$-Nl
begin Fsv:SL+5
insert into test (userid) values(@i) c+|,qm
set @i=@i+1 !VUxy
end AQ:cim`
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 0h nTHlk
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) :SjTkfU
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) ">PpC]Y1
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) phr6@TI
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) KLK
'_)|CT
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) /R7qR#
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) }<6xZy
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 R{uq8NA- W
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) *&]x-p1m
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) bI/d(Q%#<
就是表示本周时间段. (,<&H;,8
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: {-;lcO D
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) C50&SrnBU1
而在存储过程中 lL_M=td8W
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) GInU7y904
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) teh$W<C