SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 +0OLc2
)w
ZpnxecJUJ
Za1QC;7
一、基础 K*~0"F>"0
1、说明:创建数据库 cXKjrL[b
CREATE DATABASE database-name p,eTY[k?
2、说明:删除数据库 \--8lH -K
drop database dbname 3.*8)NW
3、说明:备份sql server lhqg$lb
--- 创建 备份数据的 device [n:<8ho
USE master }hhGu\
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' N<XNTf
--- 开始 备份 "vOwd.(?N
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack Fvbh\m
~
4、说明:创建新表 PK `D8)=u
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) |&zz,+ E
根据已有的表创建新表: d>mo~
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) ;IZwTXu !S
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only >&}%+r\
5、说明:删除新表 vkri+:S3
drop table tabname ~5}*
d
6、说明:增加一个列 y~U #veY
Alter table tabname add column col type 67Th;h*sh
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 9-fLz?J
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) R8a3
1&
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) 5Ou`z5S\k
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) xD~5UER
删除索引:drop index idxname Wa{` VS
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 kY-N>E:
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement 8|l\EVV6
删除视图:drop view viewname Y,^@P
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 7%x[q}
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 :LW4E9O=H
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) :&V h?
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 l)1r+@)\
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 %N>%!m
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! !Fd~~v
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] s@K4u^$A
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 svcK?^
HTe
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 }HFN3cq;C
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 3z{?_;bR
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 K8GP@yD]M
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 .6+Z^,3
Y5- F@(
(X\@t-8
<lx+/o
11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 $_"'&zQ'
)rn*iJ.e8
7&jTtKLj
A: UNION 运算符 cPyE 6\lN
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 {?}E^5Z*g
B: EXCEPT 运算符 %)zodf
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 tE<H|_{L
C: INTERSECT 运算符 6t[+pL\b
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 [+T.at
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 h-q3U%R4}@
12、说明:使用外连接 |"ls\ 7
A、left outer join: tdBm
(CsN
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 n8~N$tDU
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c [1g8*j~L
B:right outer join: .sha&
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 N{9v1`B
C:full outer join: =Y{(%sn
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 >E;uU[v)I
]!?;@$wx
,w<S|#W~+
二、提升 >JHryS.j$4
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) EN<F# Y3E
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 {f3YsM;]C
法二:select top 0 * into b from a fInb[
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) Gw/Pk4R
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; )WNzWUfn=z
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) 5d Eh7XL
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 Pr':51(
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. deBY5|
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) aL+
o /
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) =upeRY@u5
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 >?2M
}TV3
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b JFcLv=U
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) EizKoHI-z
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c U dT*E: 6
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) u@W|gLT1
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; /?uPEKr
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 D=q:*x
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 hci6P>h<ia
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 8g@<d^8@
9、说明:in 的使用方法 sXLq*b?
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') B]nEkO'a:
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 b6c Bg
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) Ec!"O3%!M^
11、说明:四表联查问题: z`.<U{5
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... dN$0OS`s[
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 x,=&JtKVc
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 ;km`P|<U
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 :}He\V
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 8zZvht*
14、说明:前10条记录 Z)I+@2
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 EaO6[E
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) &|s0P
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) k0OYJ/
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 r<9Iof4
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) KoOz#,()
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 S5gyr&dm
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() Yxr>"KH6a
18、说明:随机选择记录 OV1_|##LC
select newid() 52@C9Q,
19、说明:删除重复记录 sQYkQ81
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) &y\prip
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 D>`xzt '.6
select name from sysobjects where type='U' cVXLKO
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 p2hB8zL
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') NxkGOAOE
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 S ^!n45l
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type JgxtlYjl
显示结果: 4V{:uuI;f
type vender pcs ty8q11[8
电脑 A 1 GoJ.&aH $
电脑 A 1 )MtF23k)g
光盘 B 2 >BV^H.SO|1
光盘 A 2 +jAGGv^)
手机 B 3 MU($|hwiL
手机 C 3 &agWaf1%a
23、说明:初始化表table1 T(#J_Y
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 ^7w+l @
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 |J1$=s
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc +cJL7=V&
E~DQ-z
`68@+|#
.6ylZ
三、技巧 =-0/k;^
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 IQAZuN"<
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, .r|tSfm6
如: P9/q|>F
if @strWhere !='' ?1*cO:O
begin )Oq|amvC
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere N+9VYH"*
end u0}vWkn\4
else J-[,KME_^
begin _F4Ii-6
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' a1g,@0s
end 5 )A1\
我们可以直接写成 j:Xq1f6a
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere Y@NNrGDkT*
2、收缩数据库 0 3L]
--重建索引 /{EP*,/*
DBCC REINDEX E7WK
(
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG -{KQr1{5UM
--收缩数据和日志 `:ArT}F
DBCC SHRINKDB hnffz95
DBCC SHRINKFILE k6;?)~.
3、压缩数据库 C>]0YO
k2
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) oro$wFxJO
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 JL`-0P<M
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' L,HhbTRca
go {IjF+@I
5、检查备份集 %{7|1>8
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' S~<$Hy*kh
6、修复数据库 <S5BDk
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER n#cC+>*>+
GO KsddA
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK 2ElJbN#
GO FK^p")i
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER ?'IP4z;y
GO )n1_(;
7、日志清除 H(H<z,$}T
SET NOCOUNT ON ~Q*%DRd&Z-
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, a y4 %
@MaxMinutes INT, .L+6 $8m
@NewSize INT 50"pbzW
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 W= ig.-
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 m\;R2"H%
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. 36.Z0Z1'F>
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) ?K1/ <PE+
-- Setup / initialize Lk|hQ
DECLARE @OriginalSize int ''|W9!
SELECT @OriginalSize = size |O3q@
FROM sysfiles ,t3wp#E2#
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName G3C~x.(f
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + '-wj9OU
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + },uF4M.K
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' L]yS[UN$
FROM sysfiles >3ZFzh&OYQ
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName `34zkPB??
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans XWnVgY s
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) C^s^D:
DECLARE @Counter INT, =NpYFKmMhV
@StartTime DATETIME, z Eq GD2"
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) XFg9P}"
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), ~Cbc<[}
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' MvuQz7M#d
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) [<7@{;r
EXEC (@TruncLog) 60P<4
-- Wrap the log if necessary. $yN{-T"
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired hZdoc<
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) A_V]yP
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize Q_1:tW
&
BEGIN -- Outer loop. _> f`!PlB|
SELECT @Counter = 0 `-.%^eIp
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) !NIhx109q
BEGIN -- update d^@ dzNv
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') Ki4r<>\l{H
DELETE DummyTrans ?fiIwF)
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 7X`l&7IXP
END 9"NF/)_
EXEC (@TruncLog) wYdb*"R
END tankR9(o
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + C](f>)Dz
/
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + j1^I+j)
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' FFl!\y*0z
FROM sysfiles Nc1"g1JR
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName -]L6=
DROP TABLE DummyTrans G"klu
SET NOCOUNT OFF [\'%?BH(^
8、说明:更改某个表 Olt`:;j-
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' kv]~'Srk
9、存储更改全部表 <S\jpB
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch E08klC0
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), k;2GEa]w
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) SlgN&{Bk
AS l-fi%Z7C
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) 5k!g%sZ
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) * ;-*x6
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) 1uG"f<TsR
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR "&%I)e^
select 'Name' = name, 0+iu(VbF
'Owner' = user_name(uid) Y}x>t* I
from sysobjects ht7l- AK
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner 00'%EYO
order by name :X0k]p
OPEN curObject dpJ_r>NI
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner 3Iua*#<m,
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) qT,Te
BEGIN }e!x5g
if @Owner=@OldOwner N+++4;
begin ! _f9NK
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) YT8vP~
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner 48c1gUwoP
end .|hf\1_J
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner fo5iJz"Z
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner ZNJ@F<