SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 cNWmaCLN$
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一、基础 [V'c
1、说明:创建数据库 )Te\6qM
CREATE DATABASE database-name {7:1F)Pj
2、说明:删除数据库 '12m4quO
drop database dbname j1_>>xB
3、说明:备份sql server #{6VdWZ
--- 创建 备份数据的 device +^AdD8U
USE master k79OMf<v
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' ]46h!@~aC
--- 开始 备份 G4|C227EO
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack C*YQ{Mz(f
4、说明:创建新表 T"g_a|7Tj
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) mB`HPT
根据已有的表创建新表: D?KLV_Op
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) NS[ Z@@
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only 7!M; ?Y
5、说明:删除新表 LphCx6f,X
drop table tabname $<-a>~^Tp
6、说明:增加一个列 OLG)D#m(4/
Alter table tabname add column col type b 8@}Jv
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 i+`8$uz
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) ,a5q62)q
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) nAP*w6m0j
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) K_MEd1l
删除索引:drop index idxname [vu;B4^"
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 {QEvc
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement +Z"Wa0wA
删除视图:drop view viewname !zK"y[V
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 ui?@:=
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 ]-wyZ +a
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) @WazSL;N
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 (Aw@}!
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 t]B`>SL3W
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! nAQ[
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排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] 6nA9r5Ghv
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 o "r
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 3cJ'tRsp<
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 #?Ix6 {R
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 y>C
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最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 Y~Uf2(7b5
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 ~=yU%5 s@
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A: UNION 运算符 6GuTd
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 @.L#u#
B: EXCEPT 运算符 ^C
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EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 |21VOPBS
C: INTERSECT 运算符 DlzL(p@r
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 X}GX6qAdt
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 pauO_'j_1p
12、说明:使用外连接 zeGWM,!
A、left outer join: |K.I%B
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 xjp0w7L)J
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c IfH/~EtX
B:right outer join: Ifp8oL? S;
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 %0&,_jM/9
C:full outer join: 5]G%MB/|$
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 )7NK+k
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二、提升 I!!cA?W
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) ;Qt%>Uo8
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 `{ Ox=+]M
法二:select top 0 * into b from a c{kpgN
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) LTf)`SN %'
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; C#[P<= v
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) vAP1PQX;
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 b|V<Kp
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. &am<_Tn*3
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) fx>QP?Z
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) U^}7DJ
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 ?*
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select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b I`+,I`~u
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) wKJ|;o4;L
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c _ow7E\70
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) \E c*Gq?.
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; n:a~=^IV
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 _gH$
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select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 Ho#nM_ q
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 zjH8S
9、说明:in 的使用方法 `\##M=
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') P*[wB_^&UP
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 F^.]g@g.|
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) ~|<'@B!6
11、说明:四表联查问题: X+{brvM<
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... ) M8,Tv*~
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 zv"NbN
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 SWtqp(h]'
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 C`ZU.|R
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 OGW3Pe0Z'
14、说明:前10条记录 aQHR=.S]X
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 vMY!Z1.*
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) CY=lN5!J
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) I\Y N!
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 ga,kKPL
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) x;SY80D
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 ~p'|A}9[/
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() 'JgCl'k,
18、说明:随机选择记录 4YY!oDN:
select newid() CY':'aWfa<
19、说明:删除重复记录 s3sD7 @
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) -~RGjx
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 e2fv%
select name from sysobjects where type='U' X!{K`~DRX
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 nWc@ufY
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') eKuF7Oo
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 Sz|kXk6&9
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type $[Ut])4
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显示结果: .p Mwa
type vender pcs :W>PKW`^
电脑 A 1 J(8?6&=ck
电脑 A 1 2xUgM}e
光盘 B 2 -G7)Y:
光盘 A 2 KL!cPnAUu
手机 B 3 \HrtPm`e
手机 C 3 n5oX 51J
23、说明:初始化表table1 -cJ,rrN_9
TRUNCATE TABLE table1
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24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 Ttl
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select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc |bQF.n_
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三、技巧 @ G!Ir"Q
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 Xe:rPxZf~
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, V$FZVG/@#
如: V60"j(
if @strWhere !='' [zq2h3r
begin a;Pn.@NVq
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere '.N}oL<gP
end CY.92I@S
else S~H>MtX(<
begin SXe1Q8;
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' F+NX
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end U8gj\G\`
我们可以直接写成 3mopTzs)
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere #Muh|P]%\
2、收缩数据库 3(t3r::&
--重建索引 pUqNB_
DBCC REINDEX g'w"U9tjO
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG "1XTgCu\
--收缩数据和日志 +84
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DBCC SHRINKDB } 7:T?
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DBCC SHRINKFILE AEx VKy
3、压缩数据库 0Ntvd7"`}
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) l1`r%9gr
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 ^7i7yM}6(
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' h{zb)'R
go $;$vcV9*
5、检查备份集 jAcKSx$}y"
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' Tb;,t=;u
6、修复数据库 1M_Vhs^
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER HCkfw+gaV
GO V
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DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK 3b#L*-
GO F&+qd`8J
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER 4Z=`;
GO ]
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7、日志清除 &tf(vU;,'
SET NOCOUNT ON Z'uiU e`&
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, 0s{7=Ef
@MaxMinutes INT, ~H
@NewSize INT }kItVx
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 n'q:L(`M
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 5`:d$rv
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. 0y/31hp
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) IC8%E3
-- Setup / initialize ,~1sZ`C
DECLARE @OriginalSize int 01&E.A
SELECT @OriginalSize = size .#iot(g
FROM sysfiles -I6t ^$HA
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName Og@{6>
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + ^A=tk!C
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + UU[z\^w| E
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' Zo^]y'
FROM sysfiles '/X]96Ci7
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName !J!&JQ|
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans v.4G>0 0^
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) n53c}^
DECLARE @Counter INT, 3HuGb^SNg
@StartTime DATETIME, @x743}Y\
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) nN-S5?X#
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), xs Pt
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' )[M:#;,L
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) olL? 6)gC
EXEC (@TruncLog) 1ZRkVHiz0
-- Wrap the log if necessary. Q (q&(/
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired cPAR.h,b?
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) ZvT>A#R;l~
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize Px*<-t|R-
BEGIN -- Outer loop. djw\%00
SELECT @Counter = 0 |Ox='.oIb
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) xYW&Mfka
BEGIN -- update v4'kV:;&
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') ,d* hhe
DELETE DummyTrans 1iLU{m9
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 L1DH9wiQi
END 1kvs2
EXEC (@TruncLog) #,6T. O
END u-:3C<&>
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + Ar,n=obG
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + ,p(&G_
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' Ks6\lpr
FROM sysfiles nP*% N|0
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName N#-pl:J(
DROP TABLE DummyTrans 1 JIU5u)
SET NOCOUNT OFF Z0-?;jA@
8、说明:更改某个表 ]b sabS?
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' mK"s*tD
9、存储更改全部表 to,\n"$~!
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch Fzt?M
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), Xxd]j]
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) @@{5]Y
AS >zL5*:G
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) m_Q&zp["
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) _!,
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DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) c>>.>^5
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR 1 ^= QIX
select 'Name' = name, uZJfIC<>
'Owner' = user_name(uid) g|$;jQ\_
from sysobjects \M._x"
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner 3/Z>W|w#w
order by name ez*QP|F*9
OPEN curObject t:vBVDkD
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner > l0H)W
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) #qDm)zCM
BEGIN !d!u{1Y&
if @Owner=@OldOwner XM`
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begin yzzJKucVU:
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) qnj'*]ysBC
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner |rZMcl/
end LfFXYX^
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner oo7}Hg>
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner xY!ud)
END 9`Fw}yAt
close curObject s<k2vbhI
deallocate curObject vPz7*w
GO -rm[.
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 bGgpPV
declare @i int
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set @i=1 Iapz,nuE
while @i<30 ~eoM
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begin &g^*ep~|#
insert into test (userid) values(@i) <.gDg?'3
set @i=@i+1 GfEWms8z
end pe+h8
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 GbL1<P$V
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) 9jEH"`qqk
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) h3 XSt
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) 0*rD'?)K+
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) b"N!#&O